African-American Population Data

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P opulation

FIGURE 9.1 Households, total number, average size, 1890–2004
Year	Total	Black¹	Total	Black
* A household consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit, which is a house, apartment, or other group of rooms occupied or intended as separate living quarters.
(1) For years prior to 2003 multiple race reporting was not available to CPS respondents. The category shown as "Black" refers to Black Alone.
source: Statistical Abstracts, 1992: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States: An Historical View, 1790–1978 ; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005.
1890	12,960	1,411	4.93	5.32
1900	15,964	1,834	4.76	4.83
1910	20,256	2,173	4.54	4.54
1920	24,352	2,431	4.34	4.31
1930	29,905	2,804	4.11	4.27
1940	34,949	3,142	3.67	4.12
1950	43,554	3,822	3.33	3.82
1960	52,799	4,779	3.33	3.54
1970	63,401	6,180	3.14	3.06
1980	80,390	8,382	2.75	3.06
1990	93,347	10,486	2.63	n.a.
2000	104,705	12,849	2.62	n.a.
2004	112,000	13,629	2.57	2.64

FIGURE 9.2 Black population by selected countries, 2003
Country	Total population	% Black
* Of mixed race, including black.
** Another 14 percent is mulatto (Spanish/African) and 3 percent zambo (Amerindian/African).
Argentina	38.7 million	3*
Barbados	280 thousand	90
Bahamas	300 thousand	85
Bermuda	64.5 thousand	58
Brazil	182.0 million	44
Canada	32.2 million	2
Cuba	11.3 million	11
Colombia	44.5 million	4**
Dominican Republic	8.7 million	11
Grenada	89.3 thousand	82
Guatemala	13.9 million	2*
Haiti	7.6 million	95
Honduras	6.7 million	2
Jamaica	2.7 million	90.9
Mexico	104.9 million	1*
Peru	27.9 million	1*
United States	290.3 million	12.9
Uruguay	3.4 million	4
Venezuela	24.7 million	1*
Virgin Islands	124.8 thousand	78

FIGURE 9.3 African-American population by state, 1790–2000
	1790				1800
State	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black
Alabama	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alaska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arizona	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arkansas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
California	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Colorado	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Connecticut	237,946	2,648	2,771	2.28	251,002	951	5,330	2.50
Delaware	59,096	8,887	3,899	21.64	64,273	6,153	8,268	22.44
Florida	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Georgia	82,548	29,264	398	35.93	162,686	59,406	1,019	37.14
Hawaii	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Idaho	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Illinois	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Indiana	—	—	—	—	5,641	135	163	5.28
Iowa	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kansas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kentucky	73,677	12,430	114	17.03	220,955	40,393	739	18.59
Louisiana	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Maine	96,540	0	536	0.56	151,719	0	818	0.54
Maryland	319,728	103,036	8,043	34.74	341,548	105,635	19,587	36.66
Massachusetts	378,787	0	5,369	1.42	422,845	0	6,452	1.53
Michigan	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Minnesota	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mississippi	—	—	—	—	8,850	3,489	182	41.48
Missouri	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Montana	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nebraska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nevada	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New Hampshire	141,885	157	630	0.55	183,858	8	852	0.47
New Jersey	184,139	11,423	2,762	7.70	211,149	12,422	4,402	7.97
New Mexico	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New York	340,120	21,193	4,682	7.61	589,051	20,903	10,417	5.32
North Carolina	393,751	100,783	5,041	26.88	478,103	133,296	7,043	29.35
North Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ohio	—	—	—	—	45,365	0	337	0.74
Oklahoma	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oregon	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Pennsylvania	434,373	3,707	6,531	2.36	602,365	1,706	14,564	2.70
Rhode Island	68,825	958	3,484	6.45	69,122	380	3,304	5.33
South Carolina	249,073	107,094	1,801	43.72	345,591	146,151	3,185	43.21
South Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tennessee	35,691	3,417	361	10.59	105,602	13,584	309	13.16
Texas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Utah	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Vermont	85,425	0	269	0.31	154,465	0	557	0.36
Virginia	747,610	292,627	12,866	40.86	880,200	345,796	20,124	41.57
Washington	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Washington, D.C.	—	—	—	—	14,093	3,244	783	28.57
West Virginia²	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wisconsin	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wyoming	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

	1810				1820
State	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black
Alabama	—	—	—	—	127,901	41,879	571	33.19
Alaska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arizona	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arkansas	1,062	—	—	—	14,273	1,617	59	11.74
California	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Colorado	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Connecticut	261,942	310	6,453	2.58	275,248	97	7,870	2.89
Delaware	72,674	4,177	13,136	23.82	72,749	4,509	12,958	24.01
Florida	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Georgia	252,433	105,218	1,801	42.40	340,989	149,656	1,763	44.41
Hawaii	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Idaho	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Illinois	12,282	168	613	6.36	55,211	917	457	2.49
Indiana	24,520	237	393	2.57	147,178	190	1,230	0.96
Iowa	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kansas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kentucky	406,511	80,561	1,713	20.24	564,317	126,732	2,759	22.95
Louisiana	76,556	34,660	7,585	55.18	153,407	69,064	10,476	51.85
Maine	228,705	0	969	0.42	298,335	0	929	0.31
Maryland	380,546	111,502	33,927	38.22	407,350	107,397	39,730	36.12
Massachusetts	472,040	0	6,737	1.43	523,287	0	6,740	1.29
Michigan	4,762	24	120	3.02	8,896	0	174	1.96
Minnesota	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mississippi	40,352	17,088	240	42.94	75,448	32,814	458	44.10
Missouri	19,783	3,011	607	18.29	66,586	10,222	347	15.87
Montana	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nebraska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nevada	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New Hampshire	214,460	0	970	0.45	244,161	0	786	0.32
New Jersey	245,562	10,851	7,843	7.61	277,575	7,557	12,460	7.21
New Mexico	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New York	959,049	15,017	25,333	4.21	1,372,812	10,088	29,279	2.87
North Carolina	555,500	168,824	10,266	32.24	638,829	204,917	14,712	34.38
North Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ohio	230,760	0	1,899	0.82	581,434	0	4,723	0.81
Oklahoma	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oregon	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Pennsylvania	810,091	795	22,492	2.87	1,049,458	211	30,202	2.90
Rhode Island	76,931	108	3,609	4.83	83,059	48	3,554	4.34
South Carolina	415,115	196,365	4,554	48.40	502,741	204,917	14,712	43.69
South Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tennessee	261,727	44,535	1,317	17.52	422,823	80,107	2,737	19.59
Texas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Utah	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Vermont	217,895	0	750	0.34	235,981	0	903	0.38
Virginia	974,600	392,516	30,570	43.41	1,065,366	425,148	36,883	43.37
Washington	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Washington, D.C.	24,023	5,395	2,549	33.07	33,039	6,377	4,048	31.55
West Virginia²	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wisconsin	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wyoming	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

	1830				1840
State	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black
Alabama	309,527	117,549	1,572	38.48	590,756	253,532	2,039	43.26
Alaska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arizona	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arkansas	30,388	4,576	141	15.52	97,574	19,935	465	20.91
California	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Colorado	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Connecticut	297,675	25	8,047	2.71	309,978	17	8,105	2.62
Delaware	76,748	3,292	15,855	24.95	78,085	2,605	16,919	25.00
Florida	34,730	15,501	844	47.06	54,477	25,717	817	48.71
Georgia	516,823	217,531	2,486	42.57	691,392	280,944	2,753	41.03
Hawaii	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Idaho	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Illinois	157,445	747	1,637	1.51	476,183	331	3,598	0.83
Indiana	343,031	3	3,629	1.06	685,866	3	7,165	1.05
Iowa	—	—	—	—	43,112	16	172	0.44
Kansas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Kentucky	687,917	165,213	4,917	24.73	779,828	182,258	7,317	24.31
Louisiana	215,739	109,588	16,710	58.54	352,411	168,452	25,502	55.04
Maine	399,455	2	1,190	0.30	501,793	0	1,355	0.27
Maryland	447,040	102,994	52,938	34.88	470,019	89,737	62,078	32.30
Massachusetts	610,408	1	7,048	1.15	737,699	0	8,669	1.18
Michigan	31,639	32	261	0.93	212,267	0	707	0.33
Minnesota	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mississippi	136,621	65,659	519	48.44	375,651	195,211	1,366	52.33
Missouri	140,455	25,091	569	18.27	383,702	58,240	1,574	15.59
Montana	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nebraska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nevada	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New Hampshire	269,328	3	604	0.23	284,574	1	537	0.19
New Jersey	320,823	2,254	18,303	6.41	373,306	674	21,044	5.82
New Mexico	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
New York	1,918,608	75	44,870	2.34	2,428,921	4	50,027	2.06
North Carolina	737,987	245,601	19,543	35.93	753,419	245,817	22,732	35.64
North Dakota	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ohio	937,903	6	9,568	1.02	1,519,467	3	17,342	1.14
Oklahoma	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oregon	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Pennsylvania	1,348,233	403	37,930	2.84	1,724,033	64	47,854	2.78
Rhode Island	97,799	17	3,561	3.68	108,830	5	3,238	2.98
South Carolina	581,185	315,401	7,921	55.63	594,398	327,038	8,276	56.41
South Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tennessee	681,904	141,603	4,555	21.43	829,210	183,059	5,524	22.74
Texas	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Utah	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Vermont	280,652	0	881	0.31	291,948	0	730	0.25
Virginia	1,211,405	469,757	47,348	42.69	1,239,797	448,987	49,842	40.23
Washington	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Washington, D.C.	39,834	6,119	6,152	30.81	43,712	4,694	8,361	29.87
West Virginia²	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wisconsin	—	—	—	—	30,945	11	185	0.63
Wyoming	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

	1850				1860
State	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black	Total population	Slave population	Free black population	% Black
Alabama	771,623	342,844	2,265	44.73	946,201	435,080	2,690	45.40
Alaska	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arizona	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Arkansas	209,897	47,100	608	22.73	435,450	111,115	144	25.55
California	92,597	0	962	1.04	379,994	0	4,086	1.08
Colorado	—	—	—	—	34,277	0	46	0.13
Connecticut	370,792	0	7,693	2.07	460,147	0	8,627	1.87
Delaware	91,532	2,290	18,073	22.25	112,216	1,798	19,829	19.27
Florida	87,445	39,310	932	46.02	140,424	61,745	932	44.63
Georgia	906,185	381,682	2,931	42.44	1,057,286	462,198	3,500	44.05
Hawaii	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Idaho	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Illinois	851,470	0	5,436	0.64	1,711,951	0	7,628	0.45
Indiana	988,416	0	11,262	1.14	1,350,428	0	11,428	0.85
Iowa	192,214	0	333	0.17	674,913	0	1,069	0.16
Kansas	—	—	—	—	107,206	2	625	0.58
Kentucky	982,405	210,981	10,011	22.49	1,155,684	225,483	10,684	20.44
Louisiana	517,762	244,809	17,462	50.65	708,002	331,726	18,647	49.49
Maine	583,169	0	1,356	0.23	628,279	0	1,327	0.21
Maryland	583,034	90,368	74,723	28.32	687,049	87,189	83,942	24.91
Massachusetts	994,514	0	9,064	0.91	1,231,066	0	9,602	0.78
Michigan	397,654	0	2,583	0.65	749,113	—	6,799	0.91
Minnesota	6,077	0	39	—	172,023	0	259	0.15
Mississippi	606,526	309,878	930	51.24	791,305	436,631	773	55.28
Missouri	682,044	87,422	2,618	13.20	1,182,012	114,931	3,572	10.03
Montana	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nebraska	—	—	—	—	28,841	15	67	0.28
Nevada	—	—	—	—	6,857	0	45	0.66
New Hampshire	317,976	0	520	0.16	326,073	0	494	0.15
New Jersey	489,555	236	23,810	4.91	672,035	18	25,318	3.77
New Mexico	61,547	0	22	—	93,516	0	85	0.09
New York	3,097,394	0	49,069	1.58	3,880,735	0	49,005	1.26
North Carolina	869,039	288,548	27,463	36.36	992,622	331,059	30,463	36.42
North Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	4,837	—	—	—
Ohio	1,980,329	0	25,279	1.28	2,339,511	0	36,673	1.57
Oklahoma	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oregon	13,294	0	207	—	52,465	0	128	0.24
Pennsylvania	2,311,786	0	53,626	2.32	2,906,215	0	56,949	1.96
Rhode Island	147,545	0	3,670	2.49	174,620	0	3,952	2.26
South Carolina	668,507	384,984	8,960	58.93	703,708	402,406	9,914	58.59
South Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tennessee	1,002,717	239,459	6,422	24.52	1,109,801	275,719	7,300	25.50
Texas	212,592	58,161	397	27.54	604,215	182,566	355	30.27
Utah	11,380	26	24	0.44	40,273	29	30	0.15
Vermont	314,120	0	718	0.23	315,098	0	709	0.23
Virginia	1,421,661	472,528	54,333	37.06	1,596,318	490,865	58,042	34.39
Washington	—	—	—	—	11,594	0	30	0.26
Washington, D.C.	51,687	3,687	10,059	26.59	75,080	3,185	11,131	19.07
West Virginia²	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Wisconsin	305,391	0	635	0.21	775,881	0	1,171	0.15
Wyoming	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

	1870			1880
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	996,992	475,510	47.69	1,262,505	600,103	47.53
Alaska	—	—	—	33,000	—	—
Arizona	9,658	26	0.27	40,440	155	0.38
Arkansas	484,471	122,169	25.22	802,525	210,666	26.25
California	560,247	4,272	0.76	864,694	6,018	0.70
Colorado	39,864	456	1.14	194,327	2,435	1.25
Connecticut	537,454	9,668	1.80	622,700	11,547	1.85
Delaware	125,015	22,794	18.23	146,608	26,442	18.04
Florida	187,748	91,689	48.84	269,493	126,690	47.01
Georgia	1,184,109	545,142	46.04	1,542,180	725,133	47.02
Hawaii	—	—	—	—	—	—
Idaho	14,999	60	0.40	32,610	53	0.16
Illinois	2,539,891	28,762	1.13	3,077,871	46,368	1.51
Indiana	1,680,637	24,560	1.46	1,978,301	39,228	1.98
Iowa	1,194,020	5,762	0.48	1,624,615	9,516	0.59
Kansas	364,399	17,108	4.69	996,096	43,107	4.33
Kentucky	1,321,011	222,210	16.82	1,648,690	271,451	16.46
Louisiana	726,915	364,210	50.10	939,946	483,655	51.46
Maine	626,915	1,606	0.26	648,936	1,451	0.22
Maryland	780,894	175,391	22.46	934,943	210,230	22.49
Massachusetts	1,457,351	13,947	0.96	1,783,085	18,697	1.05
Michigan	1,184,059	11,849	1.00	1,636,937	15,100	0.92
Minnesota	439,706	759	0.17	780,773	1,564	0.20
Mississippi	827,922	444,201	53.65	1,131,597	650,291	57.47
Missouri	1,721,295	118,071	6.86	2,168,380	145,350	6.70
Montana	20,595	183	0.89	39,159	346	0.88
Nebraska	122,993	789	0.64	452,402	2,385	0.53
Nevada	42,491	357	0.84	62,266	488	0.78
New Hampshire	318,300	580	0.18	346,991	685	0.20
New Jersey	906,096	30,658	3.38	1,131,116	38,856	3.43
New Mexico	91,874	172	0.19	119,565	1,015	0.85
New York	4,382,759	52,081	1.19	5,082,871	65,104	1.28
North Carolina	1,071,361	391,650	36.56	1,399,750	531,277	37.96
North Dakota¹	14,181	94	0.66	135,177	401	0.30
Ohio	2,665,260	63,213	2.37	3,198,062	79,900	2.50
Oklahoma	—	—	—	—	—	—
Oregon	90,923	346	0.38	174,768	487	0.28
Pennsylvania	3,521,951	65,294	1.85	4,282,891	85,535	2.00
Rhode Island	217,353	4,980	2.29	276,531	6,488	2.35
South Carolina	705,606	415,814	58.93	995,577	604,332	60.70
South Dakota¹	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tennessee	1,258,520	322,331	25.61	1,542,359	403,151	26.14
Texas	818,579	253,475	30.97	1,591,749	393,384	24.71
Utah	86,786	118	0.14	143,963	232	0.16
Vermont	330,551	924	0.28	332,286	1,057	0.32
Virginia	1,225,163	512,841	41.86	1,512,565	631,616	41.76
Washington	23,955	207	0.86	75,116	325	0.43
Washington, D.C.	131,700	43,404	32.96	177,624	59,596	33.55
West Virginia²	442,014	17,980	4.07	618,457	25,886	4.19
Wisconsin	1,054,670	2,113	0.20	1,315,497	2,702	0.21
Wyoming	9,118	183	2.01	20,789	298	1.43

	1890			1900
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	1,513,401	678,489	44.83	1,828,697	827,307	45.24
Alaska	32,000	—	—	64,000	—	—
Arizona	88,243	1,357	1.54	122,931	1,848	1.50
Arkansas	1,128,211	309,117	27.40	1,311,564	366,856	27.97
California	1,213,398	11,322	0.93	1,485,053	11,045	0.74
Colorado	413,249	6,215	1.50	539,700	8,570	1.59
Connecticut	746,258	12,302	1.65	908,420	15,226	1.68
Delaware	168,493	28,386	16.85	184,735	30,697	16.62
Florida	391,422	166,180	42.46	528,542	230,730	43.65
Georgia	1,837,353	858,815	46.74	2,216,331	1,034,813	46.69
Hawaii	—	—	—	154,000	—	—
Idaho	88,548	201	0.23	161,722	293	0.18
Illinois	3,826,352	57,028	1.49	4,821,550	85,078	1.76
Indiana	2,192,404	45,215	2.06	2,516,462	57,505	2.29
Iowa	1,912,297	10,685	0.56	2,231,853	12,693	0.57
Kansas	1,428,108	49,710	3.48	1,470,495	52,003	3.54
Kentucky	1,858,635	268,071	14.42	2,147,174	284,706	13.26
Louisiana	1,118,588	559,193	49.99	1,381,625	650,804	47.10
Maine	661,086	1,190	0.18	694,466	1,319	0.19
Maryland	1,042,390	215,657	20.69	1,188,044	235,064	19.79
Massachusetts	2,238,947	22,144	0.99	2,805,346	31,974	1.14
Michigan	2,093,890	15,223	0.73	2,420,982	15,816	0.65
Minnesota	1,310,283	3,683	0.28	1,751,394	4,959	0.28
Mississippi	1,289,600	742,559	57.58	1,551,270	907,630	58.51
Missouri	2,679,185	150,184	5.61	3,106,665	161,234	5.19
Montana	142,924	1,490	1.04	243,329	1,523	0.63
Nebraska	1,062,656	8,913	0.84	1,066,300	6,269	0.59
Nevada	47,355	242	0.51	42,335	134	0.32
New Hampshire	376,530	614	0.16	411,588	662	0.16
New Jersey	1,444,933	47,637	3.30	1,883,669	69,844	3.71
New Mexico	160,282	1,956	1.22	195,310	1,610	0.82
New York	6,003,174	70,092	1.17	7,268,894	99,232	1.37
North Carolina	1,617,949	561,018	34.67	1,893,810	624,469	32.97
North Dakota¹	190,983	373	0.20	319,146	286	0.09
Ohio	3,672,329	87,113	2.37	4,157,545	96,901	2.33
Oklahoma	258,657	21,609	8.35	790,391	55,684	7.05
Oregon	317,704	1,186	0.37	413,536	1,105	0.27
Pennsylvania	5,258,113	107,596	2.05	6,302,115	156,845	2.49
Rhode Island	345,506	7,393	2.14	428,556	9,092	2.12
South Carolina	1,151,149	688,934	59.85	1,340,316	782,321	58.37
South Dakota¹	348,600	541	0.16	401,570	465	0.12
Tennessee	1,767,518	430,678	24.37	2,020,616	480,243	23.77
Texas	2,235,527	488,171	21.84	3,048,710	620,722	20.36
Utah	210,779	588	0.28	276,749	672	0.24
Vermont	332,422	937	0.28	343,641	826	0.24
Virginia	1,655,980	635,438	38.37	1,854,184	660,722	35.63
Washington	357,232	1,602	0.45	518,103	2,514	0.49
Washington, D.C.	230,392	75,572	32.80	278,718	86,702	31.11
West Virginia²	762,794	32,690	4.29	958,800	43,499	4.54
Wisconsin	1,693,330	2,444	0.14	2,069,042	2,542	0.12
Wyoming	62,555	922	1.47	92,531	940	1.02

	1910			1920
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	2,138,093	908,282	42.48	2,348,174	900,652	38.36
Alaska	64,000	—	—	55,036	—	—
Arizona	204,354	2,009	0.98	334,162	8,005	2.40
Arkansas	1,574,449	442,891	28.13	1,752,204	472,220	26.95
California	2,377,549	21,645	0.91	3,426,861	38,763	1.13
Colorado	799,024	11,453	1.43	939,629	11,318	1.20
Connecticut	1,114,756	15,174	1.36	1,380,631	21,046	1.52
Delaware	202,322	31,181	51.14	223,003	30,335	13.60
Florida	752,619	308,669	40.01	968,470	329,487	34.02
Georgia	2,609,121	1,176,987	45.11	2,895,832	1,206,365	41.66
Hawaii	192,000	1,000	0.52	255,912	—	—
Idaho	325,594	651	0.20	431,866	920	0.21
Illinois	5,638,591	109,049	1.93	6,485,280	182,274	2.81
Indiana	2,700,876	60,320	2.23	2,930,390	80,810	2.76
Iowa	2,224,771	14,973	0.67	2,404,021	19,005	0.79
Kansas	1,690,949	54,030	3.20	1,769,257	57,925	3.27
Kentucky	2,289,905	261,656	11.43	2,416,630	235,938	9.76
Louisiana	1,656,388	713,874	43.10	1,798,509	700,257	38.94
Maine	742,371	1,363	0.18	768,014	1,310	0.17
Maryland	1,295,346	232,250	17.93	1,449,661	244,479	16.86
Massachusetts	3,366,416	38,055	1.13	3,852,356	45,466	1.18
Michigan	2,810,173	17,115	0.61	3,668,412	60,082	1.64
Minnesota	2,075,708	7,084	0.34	2,387,125	8,809	0.37
Mississippi	1,797,114	1,009,487	56.17	1,790,618	935,184	52.23
Missouri	3,293,355	157,452	4.78	3,404,055	178,241	5.24
Montana	376,053	1,834	0.49	548,889	1,658	0.30
Nebraska	1,192,214	7,689	0.64	1,276,372	13,242	1.02
Nevada	81,875	513	0.63	77,407	346	0.45
New Hampshire	430,572	564	0.13	443,083	621	0.14
New Jersey	2,537,167	89,760	3.54	3,155,900	117,132	3.71
New Mexico	327,301	1,628	0.50	360,350	5,733	1.59
New York	9,113,614	134,191	1.47	10,385,227	198,483	1.91
North Carolina	2,206,287	697,843	31.63	2,559,123	763,407	29.83
North Dakota¹	577,056	617	0.11	646,872	467	0.07
Ohio	4,767,121	111,452	2.34	5,759,394	186,187	3.23
Oklahoma	1,657,155	137,612	8.30	2,028,283	149,408	7.37
Oregon	672,765	1,492	0.22	783,389	2,144	0.27
Pennsylvania	7,665,111	193,919	2.53	8,720,017	284,568	3.26
Rhode Island	542,610	9,529	1.76	604,397	10,036	1.66
South Carolina	1,515,400	835,843	55.16	1,683,724	864,719	51.36
South Dakota¹	583,888	817	0.14	636,547	832	0.13
Tennessee	2,184,789	473,088	21.65	2,337,885	451,758	19.32
Texas	3,896,542	690,049	17.71	4,663,228	741,694	15.91
Utah	373,351	1,144	0.31	449,396	1,446	0.32
Vermont	355,956	1,621	0.46	352,428	572	0.16
Virginia	2,061,612	671,096	32.55	2,309,187	690,017	29.88
Washington	1,141,990	6,058	0.53	1,356,621	6,883	0.51
Washington, D.C.	331,069	94,446	28.53	437,571	109,966	25.13
West Virginia²	1,221,119	64,173	5.26	1,463,701	86,345	5.90
Wisconsin	2,333,860	2,900	0.12	2,632,067	5,201	0.20
Wyoming	145,965	2,235	1.53	194,402	1,375	0.71

	1930			1940
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	2,646,248	944,834	35.70	2,832,961	983,290	34.71
Alaska	59,278	—	—	72,524	141	0.19
Arizona	435,573	10,749	2.47	499,261	14,993	3.00
Arkansas	1,854,482	478,463	25.80	1,949,387	482,578	24.76
California	5,677,251	81,048	1.43	6,907,387	124,306	1.80
Colorado	1,035,791	11,828	1.14	1,123,296	12,176	1.08
Connecticut	1,606,903	29,354	1.83	1,709,242	32,992	1.93
Delaware	238,380	32,602	13.68	266,505	35,876	13.46
Florida	1,468,211	431,828	29.41	1,897,414	514,198	27.10
Georgia	2,908,506	1,071,125	36.83	3,123,723	1,084,927	34.73
Hawaii	368,336	—	—	423,330	255	0.06
Idaho	445,032	668	0.15	524,873	595	0.11
Illinois	7,630,654	328,972	4.31	7,897,241	387,446	4.91
Indiana	3,238,503	111,982	3.46	3,427,796	121,916	3.56
Iowa	2,470,939	17,380	0.70	2,538,268	16,694	0.66
Kansas	1,880,999	66,344	3.53	1,801,028	65,138	3.62
Kentucky	2,614,589	226,040	8.65	2,845,627	214,031	7.52
Louisiana	2,101,593	766,326	36.94	2,363,880	849,303	35.93
Maine	797,423	1,096	0.14	847,226	1,304	0.15
Maryland	1,631,526	276,379	16.94	1,821,244	301,931	16.58
Massachusetts	4,249,614	52,365	1.23	4,316,721	55,391	1.28
Michigan	4,842,325	169,453	3.50	5,256,106	208,345	3.96
Minnesota	2,563,953	9,445	0.37	2,792,300	9,928	0.36
Mississippi	2,009,821	1,009,718	50.24	2,183,796	1,074,578	49.21
Missouri	3,629,367	223,840	6.17	3,784,664	244,386	6.46
Montana	537,606	1,256	0.23	559,456	1,120	0.20
Nebraska	1,377,963	13,752	1.00	1,315,834	14,171	1.08
Nevada	91,058	516	0.57	110,247	664	0.60
New Hampshire	465,293	790	0.17	491,524	414	0.08
New Jersey	4,041,334	208,828	5.17	4,160,165	226,973	5.46
New Mexico	423,317	2,850	0.67	531,818	4,672	0.88
New York	12,588,066	412,814	3.28	13,479,142	571,221	4.24
North Carolina	3,170,276	918,647	28.98	3,571,623	981,298	24.47
North Dakota¹	680,845	377	0.06	641,935	201	0.03
Ohio	6,646,697	309,304	4.65	6,907,612	339,461	4.91
Oklahoma	2,396,040	172,198	7.19	2,336,434	168,849	7.23
Oregon	953,786	2,234	0.23	1,089,684	2,565	0.24
Pennsylvania	9,631,350	431,257	4.48	9,900,180	470,172	4.75
Rhode Island	687,497	9,913	1.44	713,346	11,024	1.55
South Carolina	1,738,765	793,681	45.65	1,899,804	814,164	42.86
South Dakota¹	692,849	646	0.09	642,961	474	0.07
Tennessee	2,616,556	477,646	18.25	2,915,841	508,736	17.45
Texas	5,824,715	854,964	14.68	6,414,824	924,391	14.14
Utah	507,847	1,108	0.22	550,310	1,235	0.22
Vermont	359,611	568	0.16	359,231	384	0.11
Virginia	2,421,851	650,165	26.85	2,677,773	661,449	24.70
Washington	1,563,396	6,840	0.44	1,736,191	7,424	0.43
Washington, D.C.	486,869	132,068	27.13	663,091	187,266	28.24
West Virginia²	1,729,205	114,893	6.64	1,901,974	117,754	6.19
Wisconsin	2,939,006	10,739	0.37	3,137,587	12,158	0.39
Wyoming	225,565	1,250	0.55	250,742	956	0.38

	1950			1960
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	3,061,743	979,617	32.00	3,266,740	980,271	30.01
Alaska	128,643	—	—	226,167	6,771	2.99
Arizona	749,587	25,974	3.47	1,302,161	43,403	3.33
Arkansas	1,909,511	426,639	22.34	1,786,272	388,787	21.77
California	10,586,223	462,172	4.37	15,717,204	883,861	5.62
Colorado	1,325,089	20,177	1.52	1,753,947	39,992	2.28
Connecticut	2,007,280	53,472	2.66	2,535,234	107,449	4.24
Delaware	318,085	43,598	13.71	446,292	60,688	13.60
Florida	2,771,305	603,101	21.76	4,951,560	880,186	17.78
Georgia	3,444,578	1,062,762	30.85	3,943,116	1,122,596	28.47
Hawaii	499,794	2,651	0.53	632,772	4,943	0.78
Idaho	588,637	1,050	0.18	667,191	1,502	0.23
Illinois	8,712,176	645,980	7.41	10,081,158	1,037,470	10.29
Indiana	3,934,224	174,168	4.43	4,662,498	269,275	5.78
Iowa	2,621,073	19,692	0.75	2,757,537	25,354	0.92
Kansas	1,905,299	73,158	3.84	2,178,611	91,445	4.20
Kentucky	2,944,806	201,921	6.86	3,038,156	215,949	7.11
Louisiana	2,683,516	882,428	32.88	3,257,022	1,039,207	31.91
Maine	913,774	1,221	0.13	969,265	3,318	0.34
Maryland	2,343,001	385,972	16.47	3,100,689	518,410	16.72
Massachusetts	4,690,514	73,171	1.56	3,148,582	111,842	2.17
Michigan	6,371,766	442,296	6.94	7,823,194	717,581	9.17
Minnesota	2,982,483	14,022	0.47	3,413,864	22,263	0.65
Mississippi	2,178,914	986,494	45.27	2,178,141	915,743	42.04
Missouri	3,954,653	297,088	7.51	4,319,813	390,853	9.05
Montana	591,024	1,232	0.21	674,767	1,467	0.22
Nebraska	1,325,510	19,234	1.45	1,411,330	29,262	2.07
Nevada	160,083	4,302	2.69	285,278	13,484	4.73
New Hampshire	533,242	731	0.14	606,921	1,903	0.31
New Jersey	4,835,329	318,565	6.59	6,066,782	514,875	8.49
New Mexico	681,187	8,408	1.23	951,023	17,063	1.79
New York	14,830,192	918,191	6.19	16,782,304	1,417,511	8.45
North Carolina	4,061,929	1,047,353	25.78	4,556,155	1,116,021	24.49
North Dakota¹	619,636	257	0.04	632,446	777	0.12
Ohio	7,946,627	513,072	6.46	9,706,397	786,097	8.10
Oklahoma	2,233,351	145,503	6.52	2,328,284	153,084	6.57
Oregon	1,521,341	11,529	0.76	1,768,687	18,133	1.03
Pennsylvania	10,498,012	638,485	6.08	11,319,366	852,750	7.53
Rhode Island	791,896	13,903	1.76	859,488	18,332	2.13
South Carolina	2,117,027	822,077	38.83	2,382,594	829,291	34.81
South Dakota¹	652,740	727	0.11	680,514	1,114	0.16
Tennessee	3,291,718	530,603	16.12	3,567,089	586,876	16.45
Texas	7,711,194	977,458	12.68	9,579,677	1,187,125	12.39
Utah	688,862	2,729	0.40	890,627	4,148	0.47
Vermont	377,747	443	0.12	389,881	519	0.13
Virginia	3,318,680	734,211	22.12	3,966,949	816,258	20.58
Washington	2,378,963	30,691	1.29	2,853,214	48,738	1.71
Washington, D.C.	802,178	280,803	35.01	763,956	411,737	53.90
West Virginia²	2,005,552	114,867	5.73	1,860,421	89,378	4.80
Wisconsin	3,434,575	28,182	0.82	3,951,777	74,546	1.89
Wyoming	290,529	2,557	0.88	330,066	2,183	0.66

	1970			1980
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
Alabama	3,444,165	903,467	26.23	3,893,888	996,283	25.59
Alaska	300,382	8,911	2.97	401,851	13,748	3.42
Arizona	1,770,900	53,334	3.01	2,718,215	74,159	2.73
Arkansas	1,923,295	352,445	18.33	2,286,435	373,025	16.31
California	19,953,134	1,400,143	7.02	23,667,902	1,818,660	7.68
Colorado	2,207,259	66,411	3.01	2,889,964	101,695	3.52
Connecticut	3,031,709	181,177	5.98	3,107,576	216,641	6.97
Delaware	548,104	78,276	14.28	594,338	96,157	16.18
Florida	6,789,443	1,041,651	15.34	9,746,324	1,343,134	13.78
Georgia	4,589,575	1,187,149	25.87	5,463,105	1,464,435	26.81
Hawaii	768,561	7,573	0.99	964,691	17,687	1.83
Idaho	712,567	2,130	0.30	943,935	2,711	0.29
Illinois	11,113,976	1,425,674	12.83	11,427,518	1,674,467	14.65
Indiana	5,193,669	357,464	6.88	5,490,224	414,489	7.55
Iowa	2,824,376	32,596	1.15	2,913,808	42,228	1.45
Kansas	2,246,578	106,977	4.76	2,363,679	126,356	5.35
Kentucky	3,218,706	230,793	7.17	3,660,777	359,289	9.81
Louisiana	3,641,306	1,086,832	29.85	4,205,900	1,238,472	29.45
Maine	992,048	2,800	0.28	1,124,660	3,381	0.30
Maryland	3,922,399	699,479	17.83	4,216,975	957,418	22.70
Massachusetts	5,689,170	175,817	3.09	5,737,037	221,029	3.85
Michigan	8,875,083	991,066	11.17	9,262,078	1,197,177	12.93
Minnesota	3,804,971	34,868	0.92	4,075,970	52,325	1.28
Mississippi	2,216,912	815,770	36.80	2,520,637	887,111	35.19
Missouri	4,676,501	480,172	10.27	4,916,686	513,385	10.44
Montana	694,409	1,995	0.29	786,690	1,738	0.22
Nebraska	1,483,493	39,911	2.69	1,569,825	47,946	3.05
Nevada	488,738	27,762	5.68	800,493	51,203	6.40
New Hampshire	737,681	2,505	0.34	920,610	4,324	0.47
New Jersey	7,168,164	770,292	10.75	7,364,823	924,909	12.56
New Mexico	1,016,000	19,555	1.92	1,302,894	23,071	1.77
New York	18,236,967	2,168,949	11.89	17,558,072	2,405,818	13.70
North Carolina	5,082,059	1,126,478	22.17	5,881,766	1,319,054	22.43
North Dakota¹	617,761	2,494	0.40	652,717	2,471	0.38
Ohio	10,651,987	970,477	9.11	10,797,630	1,076,742	9.97
Oklahoma	2,559,229	171,892	6.72	3,025,290	204,810	6.77
Oregon	2,091,385	26,308	1.26	2,633,105	37,454	1.42
Pennsylvania	11,793,909	1,016,514	8.62	11,893,895	1,045,318	8.79
Rhode Island	946,725	25,338	2.68	947,154	27,361	2.89
South Carolina	2,590,516	789,041	30.46	3,121,820	947,969	30.37
South Dakota¹	665,507	1,627	0.24	690,768	2,152	0.31
Tennessee	3,923,687	621,261	15.83	4,591,120	724,808	15.79
Texas	11,196,730	1,399,005	12.49	14,229,191	1,704,741	11.98
Utah	1,059,273	6,617	0.62	1,461,037	9,691	0.66
Vermont	444,330	761	0.17	511,456	1,188	0.23
Virginia	4,648,494	861,368	18.53	5,346,818	1,008,665	18.86
Washington	3,409,169	71,308	2.09	4,132,156	105,604	2.56
Washington, D.C.	756,510	537,712	71.08	638,333	448,370	70.24
West Virginia²	1,744,237	67,342	3.86	1,949,664	65,041	3.34
Wisconsin	4,417,731	128,224	2.90	4,705,767	183,169	3.89
Wyoming	332,416	2,568	0.77	469,557	3,270	0.70

	1990			2000
State	Total population	Black population	% Black	Total population	Black population	% Black
(1) Figures for North Dakota represent whole of Dakota Territory until 1890. North and South Dakota became states in 1889.
(2) West Virginia was originally part of Virginia. It became a separate state in 1863.
Alabama	4,040,587	1,020,705	25.26	4,447,100	1,155,930	26.0
Alaska	550,043	22,451	4.08	626,932	21,787	3.5
Arizona	3,665,228	110,524	3.02	5,130,632	158,873	3.1
Arkansas	2,350,725	373,912	15.91	2,673,400	418,950	15.7
California	29,760,021	2,208,801	7.42	33,871,648	2,263,882	6.7
Colorado	3,294,394	133,146	4.04	4,301,261	165,063	3.8
Connecticut	3,287,116	274,269	8.34	3,405,565	309,843	9.1
Delaware	666,168	112,460	16.88	783,600	150,666	19.2
Florida	12,937,926	1,759,534	13.60	15,982,378	2,335,505	14.6
Georgia	6,478,216	1,746,565	26.96	8,186,453	2,349,542	28.7
Hawaii	1,108,229	27,195	2.45	1,211,537	22,003	1.8
Idaho	1,006,749	3,370	0.33	1,293,953	5,456	0.4
Illinois	11,430,602	1,694,273	14.82	12,419,293	1,876,875	15.1
Indiana	5,554,159	432,092	7.79	6,080,485	510,034	8.4
Iowa	2,776,755	48,090	1.73	2,296,324	61,853	2.1
Kansas	2,477,574	143,076	5.77	2,688,418	154,198	5.7
Kentucky	3,685,296	262,907	7.13	4,041,769	295,994	7.3
Louisiana	4,219,973	1,299,281	30.79	4,468,976	1,451,944	32.5
Maine	1,227,928	5,138	0.42	1,274,923	6,760	0.5
Maryland	4,781,468	1,190,000	24.89	5,296,486	1,477,411	27.9
Massachusetts	6,016,425	300,130	4.99	6,349,097	343,454	5.4
Michigan	9,295,297	1,291,706	13.90	9,938,444	1,412,742	14.2
Minnesota	4,375,099	94,944	2.17	4,919,479	171,731	3.5
Mississippi	2,573,216	915,057	35.56	2,844,658	1,033,809	36.3
Missouri	5,117,073	548,208	10.71	5,595,211	629,391	11.2
Montana	799,065	2,381	0.30	902,195	2,692	0.3
Nebraska	1,578,385	57,404	3.64	1,711,263	68,541	4.0
Nevada	1,201,833	78,771	6.55	1,998,257	135,477	6.8
New Hampshire	1,109,252	7,198	0.65	1,235,786	9,035	0.7
New Jersey	7,730,188	1,036,825	13.41	8,414,350	1,141,821	13.6
New Mexico	1,515,069	30,210	1.99	1,819,046	34,343	1.9
New York	17,990,455	2,859,055	15.89	18,976,457	3,014,385	15.9
North Carolina	6,628,637	1,456,323	21.97	8,049,313	1,737,545	21.6
North Dakota¹	638,800	3,524	0.55	642,200	3,916	0.6
Ohio	10,847,115	1,154,826	10.65	11,353,140	1,301,307	11.5
Oklahoma	3,145,585	23,301	0.74	3,450,654	260,968	7.6
Oregon	2,842,321	46,178	1.62	3,421,399	55,662	1.6
Pennsylvania	11,881,643	1,089,795	9.17	12,281,054	1,224,612	10.0
Rhode Island	1,003,464	38,861	3.87	1,048,319	46,908	4.5
South Carolina	3,468,703	1,039,884	29.98	4,012,012	1,185,216	29.5
South Dakota¹	696,004	3,258	0.47	754,844	4,685	0.6
Tennessee	4,877,185	778,035	15.95	5,689,283	932,809	16.4
Texas	16,986,510	2,021,632	11.90	20,851,820	2,404,566	11.5
Utah	1,722,850	11,576	0.67	2,233,169	17,657	0.8
Vermont	562,758	1,951	0.35	608,827	3,063	0.5
Virginia	6,187,358	1,162,994	18.80	7,078,515	1,390,293	19.6
Washington	4,866,692	149,801	3.08	5,894,121	190,267	3.2
Washington, D.C.	606,900	399,604	65.84	572,059	343,312	60.0
West Virginia²	1,793,477	56,295	3.14	1,808,344	57,232	3.2
Wisconsin	4,891,769	244,539	5.00	5,363,675	304,460	5.7
Wyoming	453,588	3,606	0.79	493,782	3,722	0.8

FIGURE 9.4 African-American population during the colonial period, according to the U.S. Census
Year	Total population¹	Black population	%
(1) The terms "black," "Negro," and "slave" were often used interchangeably by colonial census-takers, so accurate figures on free blacks and slaves are not available.
(2) Includes 0.7% Indians.
(3) West Jersey, 1726–74
(4) Not a British colony; no census data available for Louisiana.
(5) Includes 2.3% Indians.
(6) Includes 14.5% Indians.
Connecticut
1756	130,612	3,657	2.80
1774	197,842	6,529	3.30
Georgia
1753	2,261	1,600	70.77
1756	6,355	1,856	29.21
Maryland
1701	22,258	2,849	12.80
1704	34,912	4,475	12.82
1710	42,741	7,945	18.59
1712	46,151	8,408	18.22
1762	164,007	49,694	30.30
Massachusetts
1764	245,698	6,880	2.80²
New Hampshire
1767	52,720	633	1.20
1773	73,097	674	0.92
1775	81,300	650	0.80
New Jersey³
1726	32,442	2,595	8.00
1737–38	46,676	3,981	8.53
1745	61,403	4,606	7.50
New Orleans⁴
1721	372	94	25.27
1771	3,190	1,387	43.48
New York
1698	18,067	2,168	12.00⁵
1703	20,665	2,258	10.93
1712–14	22,608	2,425	10.73
1723	40,564	6,171	15.21
1731	50,286	7,231	14.38
1737	60,437	8,941	14.79
1746	61,589	9,107	14.79
1749	73,348	10,592	14.44
1756	96,590	13,348	13.82
1771	168,007	19,825	11.80
Rhode Island
1708	7,181	424	5.90
1730	17,935	1,648	9.19
1774	59,607	5,067	8.50
South Carolina
1708	9,580	5,499	57.40⁶
Virginia
1624	1,275	22	1.73

FIGURE 9.5 African-American population in selected cities, 1790
City	Total population	Black population	%
(1) Figures for New Orleans, then owned by Spain, from 1791.
source: U.S. Census, 1790; Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery.
Charleston, SC	16,359	8,270	50.5
New York, NY	33,131	3,470	10.5
New Orleans, LA¹	4,516	2,451	54.3
Philadelphia, PA	28,522	2,078	7.3
Petersburg, VA	3,761	1,744	46.4
Baltimore, MD	13,503	1,578	11.7
Norfolk, VA	2,959	1,355	45.8
Boston, MA	18,038	761	4.2
Newport, RI	6,716	640	9.5
Albany, NY	3,498	598	17.1
Providence, RI	6.380	475	7.4
Brooklyn, NY	1,603	419	26.1

FIGURE 9.6 Black population for selected cities of Canada, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, 2004
City	Total population	% Black population
* Figures are estimates extrapolated from the black population for the entire country.
1. Buenos Aires, Argentina	12.0 million	2*
2. São Paolo, Brazil	10.9 million	2*
3. Mexico City, Mexico	8.7 million	1*
4. Lima, Peru	8.3 million	0.6*
5. Bogotá, Colombia	11.3 million	3*
6. Toronto, Canada	5.2 million	6.6
7. Caracas, Venezuela	5.1 million	0.5*
7. Havana, Cuba	2.1 million	8*
8. Santo Domingo	2.1 million	9.5*
9. Port au Prince, Haiti	950,000	97*
10. Kingston, Jamaica	600,000	92*

FIGURE 9.7 African-American population of the United States, 1790–2000
Decade	Total population	Total black population	Slave population	Free population	% Black
1790	3,929,214	757,208	697,624	59,557	19.27
1800	5,308,483	1,002,037	893,602	108,435	18.88
1810	7,239,881	1,377,808	1,191,362	186,446	19.03
1820	9,638,453	1,771,656	1,538,022	233,634	18.38
1830	12,866,020	2,328,612	2,009,043	319,599	18.10
1840	17,069,453	2,873,648	2,487,355	386,293	16.84
1850	23,191,876	3,638,808	3,204,313	434,495	15.69
1860	31,443,321	4,441,830	3,953,760	488,070	14.13
1870	38,558,371	4,880,009			12.66
1880	50,155,783	6,580,793			13.12
1890	62,947,714	7,488,676			11.90
1900	75,991,575	8,883,994			11.62
1910	91,972,266	9,827,763			10.69
1920	105,710,620	10,463,131			9.90
1930	122,775,046	11,891,143			9.69
1940	131,669,275	12,865,518			9.77
1950	150,697,361	15,042,286			9.98
1960	179,323,175	18,871,831			10.52
1970	203,211,920	22,580,289			11.11
1980	226,546,000	26,495,000			11.70
1990	248,710,000	29,986,000			12.06
2000	281,421,906	34,658,190			12.32

FIGURE 9.8 Families, total number, average size, status of head, U.S., 1940–1991
	Single parent families (in thousands)*		Average size		% Husband-wife		% Male head		% Female head
Year	Total	Black	Total	Black	Total	Black	Total	Black	Total	Black
* "Family" refers to a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together in a household.
(1) Data revised to exclude one-person families.
(2) Data include families of other nonwhite races.
sources: Statistical Abstract, 1992 ; Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 ; The Social and Economic Status of the lack Population in the United States: An Historical View, 1790–1978 ; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005 and earlier years.
1940	32,166	2,699¹	3.76	—	83.8	77.1	4.9	5.0	11.2	17.9
1950	39,303	3,432²	3.54	—	87.6	77.7	3.0	4.7	9.4	17.6
1960	45,111	3,950	3.67	—	87.2	74.1	2.8	4.1	10.0	21.7
1970	51,586	4,774	3.58	4.13	86.8	68.1	2.4	3.7	10.8	28.3
1980	59,550	6,184	3.29	3.67	82.5	55.5	2.9	4.1	14.6	40.3
1990	66,090	7,470	3.17	3.46	79.2	50.2	4.4	6.0	16.5	43.8
1991	66,322	7,471	3.18	3.51	78.6	47.8	4.4	6.3	17.0	45.9
2003	75,596	4,165	n.a.	n.a.	80.1	n.a.	5.0	n.a.	14.5	n.a.
2004	76,217	4,040	3.19	2.90	n.a.	n.a.	4.2	n.a.	12.3	n.a.

FIGURE 9.9 Top ten U.S. cities of African-American population, 1820–2000
City	Total population	Black population	%	City	Total population	Black population	%
source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005, and earlier reports.
1820				1940
1. Baltimore	62,738	14,192	22.62	1. New York	7,454,995	458,444	6.15
2. Charleston	24,780	14,127	57.01	2. Chicago	3,396,808	277,731	8.18
3. District of Columbia	33,039	10,425	31.55	3. Philadelphia	1,931,334	251,880	13.04
4. New York	123,706	10,086	8.15	4. District of Columbia	663,091	187,226	28.24
5. Philadelphia	63,802	8,785	13.77	5. Baltimore	859,100	165,843	19.30
6. New Orleans	14,175	8,515	60.07	6. Detroit	1,623,452	149,119	9.19
7. Richmond	12,067	5,622	46.59	7. New Orleans	494,537	149,034	30.14
8. Savannah	7,523	3,657	48.61	8. Memphis	292,942	121,498	41.48
9. St. Louis	10,049	2,035	20.25	9. Birmingham	267,583	108,938	40.71
10. Boston	42,536	1,737	4.08	10. St. Louis	816,048	108,765	13.33
1860				1960
1. Baltimore	212,418	27,898	13.13	1. New York	7,781,984	1,087,931	13.98
2. New Orleans	168,675	24,074	14.27	2. Chicago	3,550,404	812,637	22.89
3. Philadelphia	562,529	22,185	3.94	3. Philadelphia	2,002,512	529,240	26.43
4. Charleston	40,522	17,146	42.31	4. Detroit	1,670,144	482,223	28.87
5. District of Columbia	75,080	14,316	19.07	5. District of Columbia	763,956	411,737	53.90
6. Richmond	37,910	14,275	37.65	6. Los Angeles	2,479,015	334,916	13.51
7. New York	805,658	12,472	1.55	7. Baltimore	939,024	325,589	34.67
8. Savannah	22,292	8,417	37.76	8. New Orleans	627,525	233,514	37.21
9. Mobile	29,258	8,404	28.72	9. Houston	938,219	215,037	22.92
10. Donaldsonville, La.	11,484	4,544	65.69	10. St. Louis	750,026	214,377	28.58
1900				1990
1. District of Columbia	278,718	86,702	31.11	1. New York	7,322,564	2,102,512	28.17
2. Baltimore	508,957	79,258	15.57	2. Chicago	2,783,726	1,087,711	39.07
3. New Orleans	287,104	77,714	27.07	3. Detroit	1,027,974	777,916	75.67
4. Philadelphia	1,293,697	62,613	4.84	4. Philadelphia	1,585,577	631,936	39.86
5. New York	3,437,202	60,666	1.76	5. Los Angeles	3,485,398	487,674	13.99
6. Memphis	102,320	49,910	48.78	6. Houston	1,630,553	457,990	28.09
7. Louisville	204,731	39,139	19.12	7. Baltimore	736,014	435,768	59.21
8. Atlanta	89,872	35,727	39.75	8. District of Columbia	606,900	399,604	65.84
9. St. Louis	575,238	35,516	6.17	9. Memphis	610,337	334,737	54.84
10. Richmond	85,050	32,230	37.90	10. New Orleans	496,938	307,728	61.92
1920				2000
1. New York	5,620,048	152,467	2.71	1. New York	8,008,278	2,129,762	26.6
2. Philadelphia	1,823,799	134,229	7.30	2. Chicago	2,898,016	1,065,009	36.8
3. District of Columbia	437,571	109,966	25.13	3. Detroit	951,270	775,772	81.6
4. Chicago	2,701,705	109,458	4.05	4. Philadelphia	1,517,550	655,824	43.2
5. Baltimore	733,826	103,322	14.08	5. Houston	1,953,631	494,496	25.3
6. New Orleans	387,219	100,930	26.07	6. Los Angeles	3,694,820	415,195	11.2
7. Birmingham	178,806	70,230	39.28	7. Baltimore	651,154	418,951	64.3
8. St. Louis	772,897	69,854	9.04	8. Memphis	650,100	399,208	61.4
9. Atlanta	200,616	62,796	31.30	9. District of Columbia	572,059	343,312	60.0
10. Memphis	162,351	61,181	37.68	10. New Orleans	484,674	325,947	67.3

FIGURE 9.10 African-American population by U.S. region, 1790–2000
	Region	Total population of region	Black population of region	% of U.S. black population in region	% of regional population black
1790	Northeast	1,968,040	67,120	8.86	3.41
	Midwest	0	0	0.00	0.00
	Southeast	1,961,174	690,061	91.13	35.19
	South Central	0	0	—	—
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1800	Northeast	2,635,576	83,066	8.29	3.15
	Midwest	51,006	635	0.06	1.24
	Southeast	2,621,901	918,336	91.65	35.03
	South Central	0	0	—	—
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1810	Northeast	3,486,675	102,237	7.42	2.93
	Midwest	292,107	7,072	0.51	2.42
	Southeast	3,383,481	1,226,254	89.00	36.24
	South Central	77,618	42,245	3.07	54.43
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1820	Northeast	4,359,916	110,724	6.25	2.54
	Midwest	859,305	18,260	1.03	2.12
	Southeast	4,251,552	1,515,784	85.56	35.65
	South Central	167,680	81,216	4.58	48.44
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1830	Northeast	5,542,381	125,214	5.38	2.26
	Midwest	1,610,473	41,543	1.78	2.58
	Southeast	5,461,721	2,030,870	87.21	37.18
	South Central	246,127	131,015	5.63	53.23
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1840	Northeast	6,761,082	142,324	4.95	2.11
	Midwest	3,351,542	89,347	3.11	2.67
	Southeast	6,500,744	2,427,623	84.48	37.34
	South Central	449,985	214,354	7.46	47.64
	Mountain	0	0	—	—
	Pacific	0	0	—	—
1850	Northeast	8,626,851	149,762	4.12	1.74
	Midwest	5,403,595	135,607	3.73	2.51
	Southeast	8,042,361	2,983,661	82.00	37.10
	South Central	940,251	368,537	10.13	39.20
	Mountain	72,927	72	0.00	0.10
	Pacific	105,891	1,169	0.03	1.10
1860	Northeast	10,594,268	156,001	3.51	1.47
	Midwest	9,096,716	184,239	4.15	2.03
	Southeast	9,385,694	3,452,558	77.73	36.79
	South Central	1,747,667	644,553	14.51	36.88
	Mountain	174,923	235	0.01	0.13
	Pacific	444,063	4,244	0.10	0.96
1870	Northeast	12,298,730	179,738	3.68	1.46
	Midwest	12,981,111	273,080	5.60	2.10
	Southeast	10,258,055	3,680,957	75.43	35.88
	South Central	2,029,965	739,854	15.16	36.45
	Mountain	315,385	1,555	0.03	0.49
	Pacific	675,125	4,825	0.10	0.71
1880	Northeast	14,507,407	229,417	3.49	1.58
	Midwest	17,364,111	385,621	5.86	2.22
	Southeast	13,182,348	4,866,198	73.95	36.91
	South Central	3,334,220	1,087,705	16.53	32.62
	Mountain	653,119	5,022	0.08	0.77
	Pacific	1,147,578	6,830	0.10	0.60

	Region	Total population of region	Black population of region	% of U.S. black population in region	% of regional population black
1890	Northeast	17,406,969	269,906	3.60	1.55
	Midwest	22,410,417	431,112	5.76	1.92
	Southeast	15,287,076	5,382,487	71.88	35.21
	South Central	4,740,983	1,378,090	18.40	29.07
	Mountain	1,213,935	12,971	0.17	1.07
	Pacific	1,920,334	14,110	0.19	0.73
1900	Northeast	21,046,695	385,020	4.36	1.83
	Midwest	26,333,004	495,751	5.61	1.88
	Southeast	17,991,237	6,228,903	70.51	\|34.62
	South Central	6,532,290	1,694,066	19.18	25.93
	Mountain	1,674,607	15,590	0.18	0.93
	Pacific	2,634,692	14,664	0.17	0.56
1910	Northeast	25,868,573	484,176	4.93	1.87
	Midwest	29,888,542	543,498	5.53	1.82
	Southeast	20,604,796	6,765,001	68.84	32.83
	South Central	8,784,534	1,984,426	20.19	22.59
	Mountain	2,633,517	21,467	0.22	0.82
	Pacific	4,448,304	30,195	0.31	0.68
1920	Northeast	29,662,053	679,234	6.49	2.29
	Midwest	34,019,792	793,075	7.58	2.33
	Southeast	22,883,579	6,848,652	65.46	29.93
	South Central	10,242,224	2,063,579	19.72	20.15
	Mountain	3,336,101	30,801	0.29	0.92
	Pacific	5,877,819	47,790	0.46	0.81
1930	Northeast	34,427,091	1,146,985	9.65	3.33
	Midwest	38,594,100	1,262,234	10.62	3.27
	Southeast	25,680,803	7,079,626	59.54	27.57
	South Central	12,176,830	2,281,951	19.19	18.74
	Mountain	3,701,789	30,225	0.25	0.82
	Pacific	8,622,047	90,122	0.76	1.05
1940	Northeast	35,976,777	1,369,875	10.65	3.81
	Midwest	40,143,332	1,420,318	11.04	3.54
	Southeast	28,601,376	7,479,498	58.13	26.15
	South Central	13,064,525	2,425,121	18.85	18.56
	Mountain	4,150,003	36,411	0.28	0.88
	Pacific	10,229,116	134,691	1.05	1.32
1950	Northeast	39,477,986	2,018,182	13.42	5.11
	Midwest	44,460,762	2,227,876	14.81	5.01
	Southeast	32,659,516	7,793,379	51.81	23.86
	South Central	14,537,572	2,432,028	16.17	16.73
	Mountain	5,074,998	66,429	0.44	1.31
	Pacific	15,114,964	507,043	3.37	3.35
1960	Northeast	44,677,823	3,028,499	16.05	6.78
	M	51,619,139	3,446,037	18.26	6.68
	Southeast	38,021,858	8,543,404	45.27	22.47
	South Central	16,951,255	2,768,203	14.67	16.33
	Mountain	6,855,060	123,242	0.65	1.80
	Pacific*	21,198,044	962,446	5.10	4.54
1970	Northeast	49,040,703	4,344,153	19.24	8.86
	Midwest	56,571,633	4,571,550	20.25	8.08
	Southeast	43,474,807	8,959,787	39.68	20.61
	South Central	19,320,560	3,010,174	13.33	15.58
	Mountain	8,281,562	180,382	0.80	2.18
	Pacific	26,522,631	1,514,243	6.71	5.71
1980	Northeast	49,165,283	4,849,969	18.18	9.86
	Midwest	58,886,670	5,332,907	19.99	9.06
	Southeast	51,625,566	10,617,734	39.79	20.57
	South Central	23,746,816	3,521,048	13.20	14.83
	Mountain	11,372,785	267,538	1.00	2.35
	Pacific	31,799,705	1,993,153	7.47	6.27

Geographic Distribution 1790–1990:
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Virginia, West Virginia
South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas
Southeast: Alabama, Delaware, Washington, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee.
Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming
Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington
Geographic Distribution, 2000:
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia.
West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
* Includes Alaska and Hawaii for first time.
source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Release, 1991, 2000; and Statistical Abstract, 1990.
	Region	Total population of region	Black population of region	% of U.S. black population in region	% of regional population black
1990	Northeast	50,809,229	5,613,222	18.72	11.05
	Midwest	59,668,632	5,715,940	19.06	9.58
	Southeast	58,725,137	11,900,363	39.69	20.26
	South Central	26,702,793	3,718,126	12.40	13.92
	Mountain	13,658,776	373,584	1.25	2.74
	Pacific	39,127,306	2,454,426	8.19	6.27
2000	Northeast	53,594,000	6,100,000	11.4	17.6
	Midwest	64,393,000	6,500,000	10.0	18.8
	South	100,237,000	18,982,000	18.9	54.8
	West	63,198,000	3,077,000	4.9	8.9