African-American Mayors in U.S. Cities, Representatives in U.S. Congress, and Heads of State in the Americas
P olitics
| African-American mayors of U.S. cities with populations over 50,000, 1967–20051 | ||
| City | Mayor | Term |
| Alexandria, Va. | William D. Euille | 2003— |
| Ann Arbor, Mich. | Albert Wheeler | 1975–1978 |
| Atlanta, Ga. | Maynard H. Jackson | 1973–1982 |
| Andrew J. Young | 1982–1990 | |
| Maynard H. Jackson | 1990–1993 | |
| Bill Campbell | 1994–2002 | |
| Shirley Franklin | 2002— | |
| Baltimore, Md. | Clarence H. "Dru" Burns | 1986–1987 |
| Kurt L. Schmoke | 1987–1999 | |
| Berkeley, Calif. | Warren H. Widener | 1971–1979 |
| Eugene "Gus" Newport | 1979–1986 | |
| Birmingham, Ala. | Richard Arrington, Jr. | 1979–1983 |
| Bernard Kincaid | 1999— | |
| Boulder, Colo. | Penfield W. Tate III | 1974–1976 |
| Cambridge, Mass. | Kenneth S. Reeves | 1992–1995 |
| Camden, N.J. | Melvin R. Primas, Jr. | 1981–1990 |
| Aaron Thompson | 1990–1993 | |
| Arnold Webster | 1993–1997 | |
| Gwendolyn A. Faison | 2000— | |
| Carson, Calif.2 | Clarence A. Bridgers | 1975–1976 |
| Thomas G. Mills | 1982–1986 | |
| Chandler, Ariz. | Coy Payne | 1990–1994 |
| Charlotte, N.C. | Harvey B. Gantt | 1983–1987 |
| Chesapeake, Va. | 1990–2004 | |
| Chicago, Ill. | Harold Washington | 1983–1987 |
| Eugene Sawyer | 1987–1991 | |
| Cincinnati, Ohio | Theodore M. Berry | 1972–1975 |
| John K. Blackwell | 1979–1980 | |
| Dwight Tillery | 1991–1993 | |
| Cleveland, Ohio | Carl B. Stokes | 1967–1971 |
| Michael R. White | 1989–2000 | |
| Columbus, Ohio | Michael B. Coleman | 1999— |
| Compton, Calif. | Douglas F. Dollarhide | 1969–1973 |
| Doris A. Davis | 1973–1977 | |
| Lionel Cade | 1977–1981 | |
| Walter R. Tucker III | 1981–1992 | |
| Bernice Wood (interim appt.) | 1992–1993 | |
| Omar Bradley | 1993–2001 | |
| Eric Perrodin | 2001— | |
| Dayton, Ohio | James H. McGee | 1970–1982 |
| Richard Clay Dixon | 1989–1993 | |
| Rhine McLin | 2002— | |
| Denver, Colo. | Wellington E. Webb | 1991–2003 |
| Detroit, Mich. | Coleman A. Young | 1974–1993 |
| Dennis Archer | 1993–2002 | |
| Kwame Kilpatrick | 2002— | |
| Durham, N.C. | William V. Bell | 2001— |
| East Orange, N.J. | William S. Hart, Sr. | 1970–1978 |
| Thomas H. Cooke | 1978–1985 | |
| John Hatcher, Jr. | 1985–1989 | |
| Cardell Cooper | 1990–1997 | |
| Robert Bowser | 1998— | |
| East St. Louis, Ill. | James E. Williams, Sr. | 1971–1975 |
| William E. Mason | 1975–1979 | |
| Carl E. Officer | 1979–1991 | |
| Gordon D. Bush | 1991–n.d. | |
| Evanston, Ill. | Lorraine H. Morton | 1993— |
| Fayetteville, N.C. | Marshall B. Pitts, Jr. | 2001— |
| Flint, Mich. | James A. Sharp | 1984–1987 |
| Stanley | Woodrow | 1991–2002 |
| Gary, Ind. | Richard G. Hatcher | 1967–1988 |
| Thomas Barnes | 1988–1992 | |
| Grand Rapids, Mich. | Lyman S. Parks | 1973–1975 |
| Hampton, Va. | Mamie E. Locke | 2000–2004 |
| Hartford, Conn. | Thirman L. Milner | 1981–1987 |
| Carrie Perry | 1987–1993 | |
| Inglewood, Calif. | Edward Vincent | 1983–1995 |
| Roosevelt S. Dorn | 1997— | |
| Irvington, N.J. | Michael Steele | 1990–1994 |
| Wayne Smith | 2002— | |
| Jackson, Miss. | Harvey Johnson | 1997— |
| Jersey City, N.J. | Glenn D. Cunningham | 2001–2004 |
| Kalamazoo, Mich. | Robert Jones | 1997— |
| Kansas City, Mo. | Emanuel Cleaver II | 1991–1999 |
| Little Rock, Ark. | Charles Bussey | 1981–1982 |
| Lottie Shakelford | 1987–1988 | |
| Los Angeles, Calif. | Thomas Bradley | 1973–1993 |
| Macon, Ga. | Jack Ellis | 1999— |
| Memphis, Tenn. | Willie Herenton | 1991— |
| Miami Gardens, Fla. | Shirley Gibson | 2003— |
| Minneapolis, Minn. | Sharon Sayles Belton | 1994–2001 |
| Monroe, La. | James Mayo | 2001— |
| Mt. Vernon, N.Y. | Ronald A. Blackwood | 1985–n.d. |
| Ernest D. Davis | 1995— | |
| New Haven, Conn. | John C. Daniels, Jr. | 1990 |
| New Orleans, La. | Ernest N. "Dutch" Morial | 1978–1986 |
| Sidney Barthelemy | 1986–1994 | |
| C. Ray Nagin | 2002— | |
| New York, N.Y. | David Dinkins | 1990–1994 |
| Newark, N.J. | Kenneth A. Gibson | 1970–1986 |
| Sharpe James | 1986— | |
| Newport News, Va. | Jessie M. Rattley | 1986–1990 |
| North Miami, Fla. | Josaphat "Joe" Celestin | 2001–2005 |
| Oceanside, Calif. | Terry Johnson | 2000–2004 |
| Oakland, Calif. | Lionel J. Wilson | 1977–1990 |
| Elihu M. Harris | 1992–1999 | |
| Pasadena, Calif. | Loretta Thompson–Glickman | 1982–1984 |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | Wilson Goode | 1983–1991 |
| John F. Street | 2000— | |
| Pompano Beach, Fla. | Pat Larkins | 1985–1989 |
| (1) As of July 2005 | ||
| (2) City council members of these cities each serve mayoral terms of one year at a time | ||
| (3) Washington, D.C., began holding mayoral elections in 1974 | ||
| Pontiac, Mich. | Wallace E. Holland | 1974–1986 |
| Walter L. Moore | 1986–1989 | |
| Wallace E. Holland | 1989–1993 | |
| Charles Harrisson | 1994–n.d. | |
| Willie Payne | 2002— | |
| Portsmouth, Va. | James W. Holley | 1984–1987, 1996— |
| Raleigh, N.C. | Clarence Lightner | 1973–1975 |
| Richmond, Calif. | Booker T. Anderson | 1969–1975 |
| George Livingston | 1985–n.d. | |
| Irma Anderson | 2001— | |
| Richmond, Va. | Henry L. Marsh III | 1977–1982 |
| Roy A. West | 1982–1988 | |
| Walter T. Kenney | 1990–1994 | |
| Rudolph C. McCollum, Jr. | 2001–2004 | |
| Roanoke, Va. | Noel C. Taylor | 1975–1992 |
| Rochester, N.Y. | William Johnson | 1993–2003 |
| Rockford, Ill. | Charles E. Box | 1989–n.a. |
| Saginaw, Mich. | S. Joe Stephens | 1977–1979 |
| Lawrence D. Crawford | 1983–1987 | |
| Henry Nickelberry | 1989–1993 | |
| Gary Loster | 1994–2001 | |
| Wilmer Jones–Ham | 2001— | |
| Santa Monica, Calif. | Nathaniel Trives | 1975–1979 |
| Savannah, Ga. | Otis Johnson | 2004— |
| Seattle, Wash. | Norman B. Rice | 1990— |
| Southfield, Mich. | Brenda L. Lawrence | 2001— |
| Spokane, Wash. | James Chase | 1982–1985 |
| St. Louis, Mo. | Freeman Bosley, Jr. | 1993–1997 |
| Tallahassee, Fla.2 | James R. Ford | 1972, 1976, 1982 |
| Jack McLean | 1986–n.d. | |
| Dorothy J. (Lee) Inman | 1989, 1993 | |
| Toledo, Ohio | Jack Ford | 2001— |
| Trenton, N.J. | Douglas H. Palmer | 1990— |
| Washington, D.C.3 | Walter E. Washington | 1974–1979 |
| Marion S. Barry, Jr. | 1979–1990 | |
| Sharon Pratt Kelly | 1990–1994 | |
| Anthony A. Williams | 1999— | |
| West Palm Beach, Fla. | Eva W. Mack | 1982–1984 |
| Samuel A. Thomas | 1986–1987 | |
| James Poole | 1989–1991 | |
| Wichita, Kans. | Price Woodard | 1970–1971 |
| Wilmington, Del. | James H. Sills, Jr. | 1993–2001 |
| James M. Baker | 2001— | |
| Black heads of state in the Americas and the Caribbean, 2005 | ||
| Country | Head of state | Appointed/elected |
| source: CIA World Factbook. | ||
| The Caribbean | ||
| Anguilla | Osbourne Fleming | March 3, 2000 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Winston Baldwin Spencer | March 24, 2004 |
| Aruba | Nelson O. Oduber | October 30, 2001 |
| Barbados | Owen Seymour Arthur | September 7, 1994 |
| The Bahamas | Perry Christie | May 3, 2002 |
| Bermuda | William Alexander Scott | July 24, 2003 |
| British Virgin Islands | D. Orlando Smith | June 17, 2003 |
| Dominica | Roosevelt Skerrit | January 8, 2004 |
| Grenada | Keith Mitchell | June 22, 1995 |
| Guadeloupe | Jacques Gillot | March 26, 2001 |
| Jamaica | Percival James Patterson | March 30, 1992 |
| Montserrat | John Osborne | April 5, 2001 |
| Netherlands Antilles | Etienne Ys | June 3, 2004 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Denzil Douglas | July 6, 1995 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Patrick Manning | December 24, 2001 |
| Turks and Caicos | Michael Eugene Misick | August 15, 2003 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | Charles Wesley Turnbull | January 5, 1999 |
| South America | ||
| Guyana | Samuel Hinds | December 1997 |
| Suriname | Runaldo Ronald Venetiaan | August 12, 2000 |
| African-Americans in the U.S. Congress, 1870–2005 | |
| Name | Term |
| U.S. Senate | |
| Hiram R. Revel (R-MS) | 1870–1871 |
| Blanche K. Bruce (R-MS) | 1875–1881 |
| Edward W. Brooke (R-MA) | 1967–1879 |
| Carol Mosley Braun (D-IL) | 1993–1999 |
| Barack Obama (D-IL) | 2005— |
| U.S. House of Representatives | |
| Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC) | 1870–1879 |
| Jefferson F. Long (R-GA) | 1870–1871 |
| Robert B. Elliott (R-SC) | 1871–1874 |
| Robert C. DeLarge (R-SC) | 1871–1873 |
| Benjamin S. Turner (R-AL) | 1871–1873 |
| Josiah T. Walls (R-FL) | 1871–1873; 1873–1875; 1875–1876 |
| Richard H. Cain (R-SC) | 1873–1875; 1877–1879 |
| John R. Lynch (R-MS) | 1873–1877; 1882–1883 |
| James T. Rapier (R-AL) | 1873–1875 |
| Alonzo J. Ransier (R-SC) | 1873–1875 |
| Jeremiah Haralson (R-AL) | 1875–1877 |
| John A. Hyman (R-NC) | 1875–1877 |
| Charles E. Nash (R-LA) | 1875–1877 |
| Robert Smalls (R-SC) | 1875–1879 |
| James E. O'Hara (R-NC) | 1883–1887 |
| Henry P. Cheatham (R-NC) | 1889–1893 |
| John M. Langston (R-VA) | 1890–1891 |
| Thomas E. Miller (R-SC) | 1890–1891 |
| George W. Murray (R-SC) | 1893–1895; 1896–1897 |
| George H. White (R-NC) | 1897–1901 |
| Oscar DePriest (R-IL) | 1929–1935 |
| Arthur W. Mitchell (D-IL) | 1935–1943 |
| William L. Dawson (D-IL) | 1943–1970 |
| Adam C. Powell, Jr. (D-NY) | 1945–1967; 1969–1971 |
| Charles C. Diggs, Jr. (D-MI) | 1955–1980 |
| Robert N.C. Nix (D-PA) | 1958–1979 |
| Augustus F. Hawkins (D-CA) | 1963–1991 |
| John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI) | 1965— |
| William L. Clay (D-MO) | 1969–2001 |
| Louis Stokes (D-OH) | 1969–1999 |
| Shirley A. Chisholm (D-NY) | 1969–1983 |
| George H. Collins (D-IL) | 1970–1972 |
| Ronald V. Dellums (D-CA) | 1971–1998 |
| Ralph H. Metcalfe (D-IL) | 1971–1979 |
| Parren H. Mitchell (D-MD) | 1971–1987 |
| Charles B. Rangel (D-NY) | 1971— |
| Walter E. Fauntroy (D-DC)* | 1971–1991 |
| Yvonne B. Burke (D-CA) | 1973–1979 |
| Cardiss Collins (D-IL) | 1973–1997 |
| Barbara C. Jordan (D-TX) | 1973–1979 |
| Andrew J. Young (D-GA) | 1973–1977 |
| Harold E. Ford (D-TN) | 1975–1997 |
| Bennett M. Stewart (D-IL) | 1979–1981 |
| Julian C. Dixon (D-CA) | 1979–2000 |
| William H. Gray (D-PA) | 1979–1991 |
| Mickey Leland (D-TX) | 1979–1989 |
| Melvin Evans (R-V.I.)* | 1979–1981 |
| George W. Crockett, Jr. (D-MI) | 1980–1991 |
| Mervyn M. Dymally (D-CA) | 1981–1993 |
| Gus Savage (D-IL) | 1981–1993 |
| Harold Washington (D-IL) | 1981–1983 |
| Katie B. Hall (D-IN) | 1982–1985 |
| Major R. Owens (D-NY) | 1983— |
| Edolphus Towns (D-NY) | 1983— |
| Alan Wheat (D-MO) | 1983–1995 |
| Charles A. Hayes (D-IL) | 1983–1993 |
| Alton R. Waldon, Jr. (D-NY) | 1986–1987 |
| Mike Espy (D-MS) | 1987–1993 |
| Floyd H. Flake (D-NY) | 1987–1997 |
| John Lewis (D-GA) | 1987— |
| Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) | 1987–1996 |
| Donald M. Payne (D-NJ) | 1989— |
| Craig A. Washington (D-TX) | 1989–1995 |
| Barbara R. Collins (D-MI) | 1991–1997 |
| Gary A. Franks (R-CT) | 1991–1997 |
| William J. Jefferson (D-LA) | 1991— |
| Eleanor H. Norton (D-DC)* | 1991— |
| Maxine Waters (D-CA) | 1991— |
| Lucian E. Blackwell (D-PA) | 1991–1995 |
| Eva M. Clayton (D-NC) | 1992–2003 |
| Sanford Bishop (D-GA) | 1993— |
| Corrine Brown (D-FL) | 1993— |
| James E. Clyburn (D-SC) | 1993— |
| Cleo Fields (D-LA) | 1993–1997 |
| Alcee L. Hastings (D-FL) | 1993— |
| Earl F. Hilliard (D-AL) | 1993–2003 |
| Eddie B. Johnson (D-TX) | 1993— |
| Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) | 1993–2003 |
| Carrie Meek (D-FL) | 1993–2003 |
| Mel Reynolds (D-IL) | 1993–1995 |
| Bobby L. Rush (D-IL) | 1993— |
| Robert C. Scott (D-VA) | 1993— |
| Walter R. Tucker III (D-CA) | 1993–1995 |
| Melvin Watt (D-NC) | 1993— |
| Albert R. Wynn (D-MD) | 1993— |
| Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS) | 1993— |
| Chaka Fattah (D-PA) | 1995— |
| Victor O. Frazer (D-Virgin Islands) | 1995–1997 |
| Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. (D-IL) | 1995— |
| Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX) | 1995— |
| J.C. Watts, Jr. (R-OK) | 1995–2003 |
| Elijah E. Cummings (D-MD) | 1996— |
| Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA) | 1996— |
| Julia M. Carson (D-IN) | 1997— |
| Danny K. Davis (D-IL) | 1997— |
| Harold E. Ford, Jr. (D-TN) | 1997— |
| Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (D-MI) | 1997— |
| Barbara Lee (D-CA) | 1998— |
| Gregory Meeks (D-NY) | 1998— |
| Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH) | 1999— |
| Diane E. Watson (D-CA) | 2001— |
| Artur Davis (D-AL) | 2003— |
| Kendrick Meek (D-FL) | 2003— |
| Denise L. Majette (D-GA) | 2003— |
| David Scott (D-GA) | 2003–2005 |
| Frank W. Ballance (D-NC) | 2004— |
| G.K. Butterfield (D-NC) | 2004— |
| Emanuel Cleaver II (D-MO) | 2005— |
| Al Green (D-TX) | 2005— |
| Gwen Moore (D-WI) | 2005— |
| * Indicates members of Congress with restricted voting. | |
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African-American Mayors in U.S. Cities, Representatives in U.S. Congress, and Heads of State in the Americas
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African-American Mayors in U.S. Cities, Representatives in U.S. Congress, and Heads of State in the Americas