reverse: a sailing vessel and a smaller boat are offshore; on land, a man and horse plow a field, and sheep graze in the background. The scene is surrounded by the words “Agriculture and Commerce 1776.”

FLAG: The Georgia flag has two red stripes and one white stripe. The state coat of arms is on a blue field in the upper left corner. Flag adopted 8 May 2003.

COAT OF ARMS: Three columns support an arch inscribed with the word “Constitution;” intertwined among the columns is a banner bearing the state motto. Right of center stands a soldier with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defending the Constitution. Surrounding the whole are the words “State of Georgia 1776.”

MOTTO: Wisdom, Justice and Moderation.

SONG: “Georgia on My Mind.”

FLOWER: Cherokee rose; azalea (wildflower).

TREE: Live oak.

BIRD: Brown thrasher.

FISH: Largemouth bass.

INSECT: Honeybee.

GEM: Quartz.

FOSSIL: Shark tooth.

LEGAL HOLIDAYS: New Year’s Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., 3rd Monday in January; Confederate Memorial Day, 26 April; National Memorial Day, last Monday in May; Independence Day, 4 July; Labor Day, 1st Monday in September; Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October; Veterans’ Day, 11 November; Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November; Robert E. Lee’s Birthday, 19 January (observed the day after Thanksgiving); Christmas Day, 25 December.

TIME: 7 AM EST = noon GMT.

1 Location and Size

Located in the southeastern United States, Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River and ranks 21st in size among the 50 states. The total area of Georgia is 58,910 square miles (152,576 square kilometers), of which land comprises 58,056 square miles (150,365 square kilometers) and inland water 854 square miles (2,211 square kilometers). Georgia extends 254 miles (409 kilometers) east-west and 320 miles (515 kilometers) north-south. The Sea Islands extend the length of the Georgia coast. The state’s total boundary length is 1,039 miles (1,672 kilometers).

2 Topography

There are three main geographic regions in the state: northern Georgia is mountainous, the central region has the rolling hills of the Piedmont Plateau, and southern Georgia is a nearly flat coastal plain.

The Blue Ridge Mountains end in northern Georgia, where Brasstown Bald, at 4,784 feet (1,459 meters), is the highest point in the state. Stone Mountain, where a Confederate memorial is carved into a mass of solid granite 1,686 feet (514 meters) high, is located in the piedmont region. The coastal plain, thinly populated except for towns at the mouths of inland rivers, ends in marshlands along the Atlantic Ocean. Lying offshore are the Sea Islands, called the Golden Isles of Georgia, the most important of which are, from north to south, Tybee, Ossabaw, St. Catherines, Sapelo, St. Simons, Sea Island, Jekyll, and Cumberland.

Two great rivers rise in the northeast: the Savannah and the Chattahoochee. The two largest rivers of central Georgia, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, flow together to form the Altamaha. Perhaps the best-known Georgia river, though smaller than any of the above, is the Suwannee, flowing southwest through the Okefenokee Swamp, across Florida, and into the Gulf of Mexico.

Huge lakes created by dams on the Savannah River are Clark Hill Reservoir and Hartwell

Georgia Population Profile

Total population estimate in 2006:	9,363,941
Population change, 2000–06:	14.4%
Hispanic or Latino†:	7.1%
Population by race
One race:	98.6%
White:	62.5%
Black or African American:	29.3%
American Indian /Alaska Native:	0.2%
Asian:	2.7%
Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander:	0.0%
Some other race:	3.9%
Two or more races:	1.4%

Population by Age Group

Major Cities by Population
City	Population	% change 2000–05
Notes: †A person of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race. NA indicates that data are not available.
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey and Population Estimates. www.census.gov/ (accessed March 2007).
Atlanta	470,688	13.0
Augusta-Richmond	190,782	-2.3
Columbus	185,271	NA
Savannah	128,453	-2.3
Athens-Clarke	103,238	3.0
Macon	94,316	-3.0
Roswell	85,920	8.3
Albany	75,394	-2.0
Marietta	61,261	4.3
Warner Robins	57,907	18.7

Lake; artificial lakes on the Chattahoochee River include Lake Seminole, Walter F. George Reservoir, Lake Harding, West Point Reservoir, and Lake Sidney Lanier.

3 Climate

The Chattahoochee River divides Georgia into separate climatic regions. The mountain region to the northwest is colder than the rest of Georgia, averaging 39°f (4°c) in January and 78°f (26°C) in July. The state experiences mild winters, ranging from a January average of 44°f (7c) in the piedmont to 54°f (12c) on the coast. Summers are hot in the piedmont and on the coast, with July temperatures averaging 80°f (27°c) or above. The record high is 113°f (45°c) at Greenville on 27 May 1978. The record low is -17°f (–27°c), registered in Floyd County on 27 January 1940.

Humidity is high, ranging from 82% in the morning to 56% in the afternoon in Atlanta. Rainfall averages 50 inches (127 centimeters) annually in the lowlands, increasing to 75 inches (191 centimeters) in the mountains. Snow falls occasionally in the interior. Tornadoes are an annual threat in mountain areas and Georgia beaches are exposed to hurricane tides.

4 Plants and Animals

Georgia has about 250 species of trees, 90% of which are of commercial importance. White and scrub pines, and northern red oak cover the mountain zone, while loblolly, yellow pines and white-back maple are found throughout the piedmont. Pecan trees grow densely in southern Georgia,

Georgia Population by Race

Census 2000 was the first national census in which the instructions to respondents said, “Mark one or more races.” This table shows the number of people who are of one, two, or three or more races. For those claiming two races, the number of people belonging to the various categories is listed. The U.S. government conducts a census of the population every ten years.

	Number	Percent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000: Redistricting Data. Press release issued by the Redistricting Data Office. Washington, D.C., March, 2001. A dash (—) indicates that the percent is less than 0.1.
Total population	8,186,453	100.0
One race	8,072,265	98.6
Two races	106,506	1.3
White and Black or African American	18,367	0.2
White and American Indian/Alaska Native	19,232	0.2
White and Asian	13,643	0.2
White and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	1,030	—
White and some other race	26,324	0.3
Black or African American and American Indian/Alaska Native	5,567	0.1
Black or African American and Asian	3,591	—
Black or African American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	941	—
Black or African American and some other race	9,776	0.1
American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian	937	—
American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	69	—
American Indian/Alaska Native and some other race	1,342	—
Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	1,000	—
Asian and some other race	4,115	0.1
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and some other race	572	—
Three or more races	7,682	0.1

and white oak and cypress are plentiful in the eastern part of the state. Trees found throughout the state include scaly-bark and white hickories, sassafras, and various dogwoods and magnolias. Common flowering shrubs include yellow jasmine, flowering quince, and mountain laurel. Spanish moss grows in the coastal regions, and kudzu vines, originally from Asia, are plentiful. The state lists 58 protected plants, of which 23 (including smooth coneflower, fringed campion, and small whorled pogonia) are endangered.

Prominent among Georgia animals is the white-tailed (Virginia) deer, found in some 50 counties. Other common mammals include the black bear, muskrat, mink, and three species of squirrel: fox, gray, and flying. At least 160 bird species breed in Georgia, among them the mockingbird, brown thrasher (the state bird), and numerous sparrows. There are 79 species of reptile, including such poisonous snakes as the rattler and copperhead. The state’s 63 amphibian species consist mainly of various salamanders, frogs, and toads. The most popular freshwater game fish are trout, bream, bass, and catfish. Dolphins, porpoises, shrimp, oysters, and blue crabs are found off the Georgia coast.

As of April 2006, 38 animal species were considered endangered or threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Among these are the bald eagle, eastern indigo snake, West Indian manatee, four species of moccasinshell, five species of turtle, three species of whale, and the shortnose sturgeon.

5 Environmental Protection

The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) within the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was established in 1972. This agency administers 21 state environmental laws, most of them passed during the 1970s. The EPD issues all the environmental permits, with the exception of those required by the Marshlands Protection and Shore Assistance Acts, which are enforced by the Coastal Resources Division of the DNR.

Georgia’s greatest environmental problems are an increasingly scarce water supply, nonpoint source water pollution, and hazardous waste sites. In 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency’s database listed 408 hazardous waste sites in the states, 15 of which were on the National Priorities List in 2006. As of 1997 the state had 7.7 million acres of wetlands.

6 Population

Georgia ranked ninth in population among the 50 states in 2006 with an estimated total population of 9,363,941. In 2004, the population density was 153.4 persons per square mile (59.2 persons per square kilometer).The population is projected to reach 11.4 million by 2025.

The state’s largest cities and their estimated populations in 2005 were Atlanta, 470,688; August-Richmond, 190,782; Columbus, 185,271; and Savannah, 128,453. In 2004, the median age was 34. In 2005, about 9% of all residents were 65 years old or older, while about 27% were 18 or younger.

7 Ethnic Groups

Most Georgians are of English or Scotch-Irish descent. In 2000, there were 173,170 Asians and 4,246 Pacific Islanders within the state. Asian Indians were the largest group, with a population of 46,132. There were about 29,016 Vietnamese, 28,745 Koreans, and 27,446 Chinese. The black population was estimated at 2,349,542, the third-largest black population among the 50 states. Atlanta has been a significant center for the development of black leadership, especially at Atlanta University. The Native American population in Georgia was estimated to be 21,737 in 2000. About 6% of the population (435,227 people) were of Hispanic or Latino origin. The total number of Georgians who were foreign-born was 577,273.

In 2006, estimates indicated that 2.7% of the population was Asian, 29.3% was black, 7.1% was Hispanic or Latino, and 0.2% was Native American.

8 Languages

Georgia English is typically Southern. However, a highly unusual variety of regional differences makes a strong contrast between northern up-country and southern low-country speech. In such words as care and stairs, for example, many up-country speakers use a vowel like that in cat, while many low-country speakers use a vowel like that in pane. A peanut might be called a goober in the north or a pinder in the south. Other northern terms include French harp for harmonica and sallet for salad. In Atlanta a big sandwich is a poorboy.

A distinctive variety of black English, called Gullah, is spoken in the islands off the Georgia and South Carolina coast, to which Creole-speaking slaves escaped from the mainland during the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 2000, about 6,843,038 Georgians (90.1% of the population five years old and older) spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home, and the number of people who speak them, include Spanish and Spanish Creole (426,115), French or French Patois (Cajun, 43,428), German (32,777), Vietnamese (27,671), and Korean (25,814).

9 Religions

The Church of England was the official church in colonial Georgia. Daniel Marshall, the first “separate” Baptist in Georgia, established a church near Kiokee Creek in 1772. Some 16 years later, James Asbury formed the first Methodist Conference in Georgia.

In 2000, most of the religious adherents in the state were Evangelical Protestants. The Southern Baptist Convention was the largest single denomination, claiming 1,719,484 adherents. Mainline Protestants included 476,727 United Methodists (in 2004), 105,774 USA Presbyterians (in 2000), and 71,950 Episcopalians (2000). Roman Catholic adherents numbered about 447,126 in 2004. Judaism claimed about 93,500 adherents in 2000 and there were about 38,882 Muslims. Only 16 Buddhist and 15 Hindu congregations were reported. About 55.2% of the population were not counted as members of any religious organization.

10 Transportation

Georgia’s location between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean makes it the link between the eastern seaboard and the Gulf states. From the 1830s onward, businessmen in the eastern cities built railroads west to maintain their commerce. The two principal lines, the Georgia and the Central of Georgia, were required by law to make connection with a state-owned line, the Western and Atlantic, at the new town of Atlanta, which thus became in 1847 the link between Georgia and the Ohio Valley. By the Civil War, Georgia, with more miles of rail than any other Deep South state, was a vital link between the eastern and western sectors of the Confederacy.

In 2003, total trackage was at 4,532 rail miles (7,805 kilometers). In the same year, CSX and Norfolk Southern were the only Class I railroads operating within the state. Amtrak provides east-west routes through Atlanta, and north-south routes through Savannah. In 1979, Atlanta inaugurated the first mass-transit system in the state, including the South’s first subway.

Major ports are located at Savannah, Brunswick, and St. Mary’s. In 2004, Georgia had 721 miles (1,160 kilometers) of navigable inland waterways.

In the 1920s, Georgia became the gateway to Florida for motorists. Today, I-75 is the main route from Atlanta to Florida, and I-20 is the major east-west highway. Both cross I-85 at Atlanta, which proceeds southeast from South Carolina to Alabama. I-95 stretches along the coast from South Carolina through Savannah to Jacksonville, Florida. In 2004, Georgia had 116,917 miles (188,236 kilometers) of public roads, 7.8 million registered motor vehicles and 5.7 million licensed drivers.

In 2005, there were 341 airports in Georgia, 109 heliports, and 4 STOLports (Short Take-Off and Landing). Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta is the hub of air traffic in the Southeast.

11 History

The Native Americans of the Master Farmer culture that reached its height in about ad 800 left impressive mounds at Ocmulgee (near Macon) and at Etowah (north of Atlanta). During the colonial period, the most important tribes were the Creek and the Cherokee. By clever diplomacy, the Creek were able to maneuver between the English on the one hand and the French and Spanish on the other. With the ascendancy of the English and the achievement of statehood, however, the Creek lost their leverage and were expelled from Georgia in 1826.

In an effort to avoid expulsion or annihilation, the Cherokee sought to adopt the Europeans’ ways. Thanks to their remarkable linguist Sequoyah, they learned to write their own language, later running their own newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, and their own schools. Some even owned slaves. Unfortunately for the Cherokee, gold was discovered on their lands and they were expelled from their territory between 1832 and 1838. Thousands died on the march to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), known ever since as the Trail of Tears.

Georgia’s first European explorer was Hernando de Soto of Spain, who crossed the region in 1540. By 1586 Spanish captain Pedro Menéndez de Avilés had established the mission of Santa Catalina de Gaule on St. Catherines Island. By 1700, Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries had established an entire chain of missions along the Sea Islands and on the lower Chattahoochee.

By 1702, however, the English had forced the Spaniards back to St. Augustine, Florida. In 1732, desiring a buffer between the valuable rice-growing colony of Carolina and Native American-held lands to the south and west, King George II granted a charter to a group who wanted to establish a colony in present-day Georgia. The first settlers, led by James Edward Oglethorpe, landed at Yamacraw Bluff on 12 February 1733. By 1742 Oglethorpe had fought off Spanish threats to the British colony.

Statehood In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony. Its society, like that of Carolina, was shaped by the planting of rice, indigo, and cotton. After the French and Indian War, settlers began to pour into the Georgia backcountry above Augusta. Following the War of Independence, a period of rapid expansion began. Georgia ratified the US Constitution on 2 January 1788, becoming the fourth state of the Union. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made cotton cultivation profitable in the lands east of the Oconee River. The settlement of the cotton lands brought prosperity to Georgia.

After South Carolina seceded from the Union in 1860, Georgia also withdrew and joined the Confederate States of America. In 1864, troops under General William Tecumseh Sherman moved relentlessly upon Atlanta, capturing it in September. In November, Sherman began his famous “march to the sea,” and he presented Savannah as a Christmas present to President Abraham Lincoln.

After ratifying the 14th and 15th amendments, Georgia was readmitted to the Union on 15 July 1870. After the Democrats recovered control of the state in 1871, business interests dominated politics. Former Democratic Representative Thomas E. Watson, who declared himself a Populist during the early 1890s, incited anti-Black, anti-Jewish, and anti-Catholic sentiment in order to control a bloc of rural votes with which he dominated state politics for ten years.

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s efforts to introduce the New Deal to Georgia after he became president in 1933 were blocked by Governor Eugene Talmadge. It was not until the administration of Governor Eurith D. Rivers (1937–41) that progressive social legislation was enacted. The Supreme Court order to desegregate public schools in 1954 provided Georgia politicians with an emotional issue they exploited to the maximum.

1960s–2000s During the 1960s, Atlanta was the home base for the civil-rights efforts of Martin Luther King Jr., though his campaign to end racial discrimination in Georgia focused mostly on the town of Albany. Federal civil-rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 changed the state’s political climate by guaranteeing the vote to black citizens. A black man, Julian Bond, was elected to the state legislature in 1965. In 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected mayor of Atlanta, thus becoming the first black mayor of a large southern city. Governor Jimmy Carter’s resolute renunciation of racism in his inaugural speech in 1971 marked a turning point in Georgia politics and was a key factor in his election to the presidency in 1976.

The prosperity of Atlanta in the 1970s and 1980s stemmed largely from its service-based economy. The decline of service industries in the early 1990s, however, pulled Atlanta and the state of Georgia as a whole into a recession. That decline was exemplified by the collapse in 1991 of one of the two airlines that used Atlanta as its hub, Eastern Airlines, which cost Atlanta 10,000 jobs. Nevertheless, as the decade progressed, the state’s economy rebounded, fueled in part by the science and technology sector. Some changes were still on the horizon, however, as in 2000 the major employers of Lockheed Martin, CocaCola, and BellSouth announced combined layoffs of more than 15,000 workers.

Georgia Governors: 1776–2007

Democrat Provisional – Dem-Prov
Democratic Republican – Dem-Rep
Republican Provisional – Rep-Prov
Union Democrat – Union-Dem
1776	William Ewen
1776–1777	Archibald Bulloch
1777	Button Gwinnett	President
1777–1778	John Adam Treutlen
1778–1779	John Houstoun
1779	John Wereat	President
1779–1780	George Walton
1779–1782	Sir James Wright
1780	Richard Howley
1780	Stephen Heard	President
1780–1781	Myrick Davies
1781–1782	Nathan Brownson
1782–1783	John Martin
1783–1784	Lyman Hall
1784–1785	John Houstoun
1785–1786	Samuel Elbert
1786–1787	Edward Telfair
1787–1788	George Mathews
1788–1789	George Handley	Dem-Rep
1789	George Walton	Dem-Rep
1789–1793	Edward Telfair	Dem-Rep
1793–1796	George Mathews	Dem-Rep
1796–1798	Jared Irwin	Dem-Rep
1798–1801	James Jackson	Dem-Rep
1801	David Emanuel	Dem-Rep
1801–1802	Josiah Tattnall, Jr.	Dem-Rep
1802–1806	John Milledge	Dem-Rep
1806–1809	Jared Irwin	Dem-Rep
1809–1813	David Byrdie Mitchell	Dem-Rep
1813–1815	Peter Early	Dem-Rep
1815–1817	David Brydie Mitchell	Dem-Rep
1817–1819	William Rabun	Dem-Rep
1819	Matthew Talbot	Dem-Rep
1819–1823	John Clark	Dem-Rep
1823–1827	George Michael Troup	Dem-Rep
1827–1829	John Forsyth	Dem-Rep
1829–1831	George Rockingham Gilmer	Whig
1831–1835	Wilson Lumpkin	Union-Dem
1835–1837	William Schley	Unionist
1837–1839	George Rockingham Gilmer	Whig
1839–1843	Charles James McDonald	Democrat
1843–1847	George Walker Crawford	Whig
1847–1851	George Washington Towns	Democrat
1851–1853	Howell Cobb	Union-Dem
1853–1857	Herschel Vespasian Johnson	Union
1857–1865	Joseph Emerson Brown	Democrat
1865	James Johnson	Dem-Prov
1865–1868	Charles Jones Jenkins	Democrat
1868	Gen. Thomas Howard Ruger	Military
1868	Rufus Brown Bullock	Rep-Prov
1868–1871	Rufus Brown Bullock	Reconstructionist
1871–1872	Benjamin Conley	Reconstructionist
1872–1877	James Milton Smith	Democrat
1877–1882	Alfred Holt Colquitt	Democrat
1882–1883	Alexander Hamilton Stephens	Democrat
1883	James Stoddard Boynton	Democrat
1883–1886	Henry Dickerson McDaniel	Democrat
1886–1890	John Brown Gordon	Democrat
1890–1894	William Jonathan Northen	Democrat
1894–1898	William Yates Atkinson	Democrat
1898–1902	Allen Daniel Candler	Democrat
1902–1907	Joseph Meriwether Terrell	Democrat
1907–1909	Hoke Smith	Democrat
1909–1911	Joseph Mackey Brown	Democrat
1911	Hoke Smith	Democrat
1911–1912	John Marshall Slaton	Democrat
1912–1913	Joseph Mackey Brown	Democrat
1913–1915	John Marshall Slaton	Democrat
1915–1917	Nathaniel Edwin Harris	Democrat
1917–1921	Hugh Manson Dorsey	Democrat
1921–1923	Thomas William Hardwick	Democrat
1923–1927	Clifford Mitchell Walker	Democrat
1927–1931	Lamartine Griffin Hardman	Democrat
1931–1933	Richard Brevard Russell, Jr.	Democrat
1933–1937	Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1937–1941	Eurith Dickinson Rivers	Democrat
1941–1943	Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1943–1947	Ellis Gibbs Arnall	Democrat
1947	Herman Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1947–1948	Melvin Ernest Thompson	Democrat
1948–1955	Herman Eugene Talmadge	Democrat
1955–1959	Samuel Marvin Griffin	Democrat
1959–1963	Samuel Ernest Vandiver, Jr.	Democrat
1963–1967	Carl Edward Sanders	Democrat
1967–1971	Lester Garfield Maddox	Democrat
1971–1875	James Earl Carter	Democrat
1975–1983	George Dekle Busbee	Democrat
1983–1991	Joe Frank Harris	Democrat
1991–1999	Zell Miller	Democrat
1999–2002	Roy E. Barnes	Democrat
2002–	Sonny Perdue	Republican

The 1996 Summer Olympics were staged in and around Atlanta. An explosion (on 27 July) killed one person and marred the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympics.

Georgia Presidential Vote by Political Parties, 1948–2004

YEAR	GEORGIA WINNER	DEMOCRAT	REPUBLICAN	STATES’ RIGHTS DEMOCRAT	PROGRESSIVE
* Won US presidential election.
** Write-in votes.
1948	*Truman (D)	254,646	76,691	85,136	1,636
1952	Stevenson (D)	456,823	198,961	—	—
1956	Stevenson (D)	444,6878	222,778	—	—
1960	*Kennedy (D)	458,638	274,472	—	—
1964	Goldwater (R)	522,163	616,584	—	—
1968	Wallace (AI)	334,440	380,111	535,550	—
1972	*Nixon (R)	289,529	881,490	—	—
1976	*Carter (D)	979,409	483,743	**1,071	1,1681
				LIBERTARIAN
1980	Carter (D)	890,955	654,168	15,627	—
1984	*Reagan (R)	706,628	1,068,722	1521	—
					NEW ALL.
1988	*Bush (R)	714,792	1,081,331	8,435	5,099
					IND. (PEROT)
1992	*Clinton (D)	1,008,966	995,252	7,110	309,657
1996	Dole (R)	1,053,849	1,080,843	17,870	146,337
				LIBERTARIAN
2000	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,116,230	1,419,720	36,332	13,273
2004	*Bush, G. W. (R)	1,366,149	1,914,254	18,387	—

Weather problems struck the state in July 1994, when record floods caused 31 deaths and millions of dollars in damage. In 2000, the state suffered one of the worst droughts in its history, with farmers struggling to keep their crops alive.

In 2003–05, the problems faced by the state included a weak economy, declining tax revenues, rising interest rates, and poor SAT scores, the latter of which inspired some colleges to stress the need for better higher education standards.

12 State Government

Georgia has had a number of constitutions in its history, the last of which, ratified in 1982 and still in force, had been amended 63 times by January 2005.

The legislature, called the general assembly, consists of a 56-seat senate and a 180-seat house of representatives. All the legislators serve two-year terms. Elected executives include the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, and state school superintendent.

To become law, a bill must be passed by both houses of the legislature and approved by the governor, or passed over the executive veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses. All revenue measures originate in the house, but the senate can propose, or concur in, amendments to these bills. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by two-thirds votes of the elected members of each chamber and must then be ratified by popular vote.

In 2004, the governor’s salary was $127,303 and the legislative salary was $16,200 per year.

13 Political Parties

Georgia voted solidly Democratic between 1870 and 1960, casting its electoral votes for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election until 1964, when Republican Barry Goldwater won the state. The state’s 12 electoral votes went to independent candidate George C. Wallace in 1968 and Republican Richard Nixon in 1972. In 1976, Georgia’s native son Jimmy Carter returned the state to the Democratic camp in presidential balloting.

Congressman Newt Gingrich was instrumental in guiding the Republicans to control of both the House and the Senate in the 1994 elections. Following the election, Gingrich became the first Republican Speaker of the House in 40 years. However, after Republican losses in the November 1998 midterm elections, Gingrich stepped down as Speaker and resigned his seat in 1999.

Republican George W. Bush won 58% of the vote and Democrat John Kerry won 41% in the 2004 presidential election. Long-time Democrat Sonny Purdue changed party affiliations in 1998 to the Republican Party, and won election as governor in 2002, the first Republican governor in Georgia since Reconstruction. He was reelected in 2006. Republican Saxby Chambliss was elected US senator in 2002. Republican Johnny Isakson was elected US senator in 2004. Georgia’s US House delegation following the 2006 election consisted of six Democrats and seven Republicans. At the state level there were 34 Republicans and 22 Democrats in the state senate, and 74 Democrats and 106 Republicans in the state house. There were 44 women serving in the state legislature following the 2006 elections, or 18.6%. In 2004, there were 4,968,000 registered voters; there is no party registration in the state. The state had 15 electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election.

14 Local Government

In 2005, Georgia had 159 counties, 531 municipal governments, 180 public school districts, and 581 special districts. In 1965, the legislature passed a home-rule law permitting local governments to amend their own charters. The traditional and most common form of municipal government is the mayor-council form. But city managers are employed by some communities, and a few make use of the commission system.

15 Judicial System

Georgia’s highest court is the supreme court, consisting of a chief justice, presiding justice, and five associate justices. Georgia’s general trial courts are the superior courts, which have exclusive jurisdiction in cases of divorce and land title, and in major criminal cases. Cases from local courts can be sent to the court of appeals. Each county has a probate court and separate juvenile courts. The prison population in Georgia numbered 51,104 in December 2004, an increase of 8.3% over the previous year. Georgia’s death penalty is carried out through lethal injection. From 1976–2006, the state executed 39 persons. According to the FBI Crime Index, the violent crime rate per 100,000 inhabitants for 2004 was 455.5. The rate for crimes against property was 4,265.9 per 100,000 people.

16 Migration

During the colonial period, the chief source of immigrants to Georgia was England. Other important national groups were Germans, Scots, and Scotch-Irish. The number of African slaves increased from 1,000 in 1752 to nearly 20,000 in 1776. After the Revolution, a large number of Virginians came to Georgia, as well as lesser numbers of French refugees from Hispaniola and immigrants from Ireland and Germany. Following the Civil War, there was some immigration from Italy, Russia, and Greece.

The greatest population shifts during the 20th century were from country to town and, after World War I, of black Georgians to northern cities.

For the period 2000–05, net international migration was 192,844 and net internal migration was 232,666 for a net gain of 425,510 people.

17 Economy

Georgia’s economy underwent drastic changes as a result of World War II. Many northern industries moved to Georgia to take advantage of low wages and low taxes. The raising of poultry and livestock became more important than crop cultivation, and manufacturing replaced agriculture as the chief source of income. Georgia is a leader in the making of paper products, tufted textiles products, processed chickens, naval stores, lumber, and transportation equipment.

Textile manufacturing, Georgia’s oldest industry, remained its most important source of income until 1999, when food processing exceeded it. Also, most durable-goods industries, such as electrical machinery and appliances, have grown rapidly. The state economy suffered in the national recession of the early 1980s but performed better during the expansion of the latter part of the decade than the nation as a whole. Service industries grew dramatically, particularly health and business as well as finance, insurance, and real estate.

The 2001 national recession had more of a negative effect on Georgia’s economy than it did on other states’ economies, as layoffs from the end of 2001 to the end of 2002 were the worst in the nation. In 2004, there were 29,547 new businesses established and 27,835 businesses terminated.

18 Income

In 2005, Georgia has a gross state product (GSP) of $364 billion, ranking 10th among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. In 2004, Georgia ranked 36th in the nation with a per capita (per person) income of $29,782; the national average was $33,050. In 2000, the median household income was $42,887, compared to the national average of $42,148. The three-year average median household income for 2002–04, was $43,217 compared to the national average of $44,473. For the same period, 12% of the population lived below the federal poverty level, compared to the national average of 12.4%.

19 Industry

The transport equipment, chemical, food-processing, apparel, and forest-products industries today rival textile industries in economic importance. The state’s most famous product was created in 1886, when druggist John S. Pemberton developed the formula for what became CocaCola, the world’s most widely known commercial product. In 2004, the shipment value of all products manufactured in the state was over $131 billion.

20 Labor

In April 2006, the civilian labor force in Georgia numbered 4,693,900, with 214,800 workers unemployed, yielding an unemployment rate of 4.6%, compared to the national average of 4.7% for the same period. In 2006, about 5.2% of the labor force was employed in construction; 21.4% in trade, transportation, and public utilities; 6.2% in financial activities; 14.6% in professional and business services; 10.7% in education and health services; 10.1% in leisure and hospitality services, and 16.2% in government.

Georgia is not considered to be a unionized state. In 2002, some 218,000 of Georgia’s 3,643,000 employed wage and salary workers were members of unions. This represented 6% of those so employed. The national average is 13.2%.

21 Agriculture

In 2001, Georgia’s farm marketings totaled $5.5 billion (11th in the United States). Georgia ranked first in the production of peanuts and pecans, harvesting 25% of all the pecans grown in the United States in 2001 and 40% of all peanuts.

Cotton, first planted near Savannah in 1734, was the mainstay of Georgia’s economy through the early 20th century. World War I stimulated the cultivation of peanuts along with other crops. By the 1930s, tobacco and peanuts were challenging cotton for agricultural supremacy and Georgia had also become an important producer of peaches, a product for which the “peach state” is still widely known. In fact in 2002, Georgia produced 110 million pounds (49.8 kilograms) of peaches.

Sales of potted flowering plants produced in Georgia amounted to nearly $9 million in 2001.

The number of farms has declined from 226,000 in 1945 to 50,000 in 2002, when the average farm size was 226 acres (91 hectares). Georgia’s farmland area of 11 million acres (4.6 million hectares) represents roughly 30% of its land area.

22 Domesticated Animals

In 2003, Georgia had an estimated 1.3 million cattle and calves valued at around $774 million, and an estimated 345,000 hogs and pigs in 2002 valued at around $21.7 million. Cows kept for milk production numbered an estimated 86,000 in 2001, when Georgia dairies produced around 1.4 billion pounds (0.64 billion kilograms) of milk. In the same year poultry farmers sold an estimated 6.2 billion pounds (2.8 billion kilograms) of broilers, more than any other state, with a value of $2.43 billion. The total egg production was 5.11 billion in 2001, valued at $367.9 million.

23 Fishing

In 2002, the total commercial fishing catch in Georgia brought about 9.5 million pounds (4.3 million kilograms) with a value of $15 million. Commercial fishing in Georgia involves more shellfish than finfish, the most important of which are caught in the nets of shrimp trawlers. Leading finfish are snappers, groupers, tilefish, and porgy. In 2001, the state had 5 processing and 30 wholesale plants. In 2002, the commercial fleet had about 226 vessels.

In brisk mountain streams and sluggish swamps, anglers catch bass, catfish, jackfish, bluegill, crappie, perch, and trout. In 1998, over 4.8 million bass were distributed within the state. Georgia issued 666,389 sport fishing licenses in 2001.

24 Forestry

Georgia, which occupies 1.6% of the total US land area, has nearly 3.3% of the nation’s forestland and nearly 5% of the nation’s commercial forests. In 2002 Georgia’s forest area totaled 24,405,000 acres (9,877,000 hectares), of which 23,802,000 acres (9,633,000 hectares) were commercial forest.

Forests cover about two-thirds of the state’s land area. The most densely wooded counties are in the piedmont hills and northern mountains. Ware and Charlton counties in southeastern Georgia, containing the Okefenokee Swamp, are almost entirely forested. In 2002, about 90% of Georgia’s forestland was privately owned.

The chief products of Georgia’s timber industry are pine lumber and pine panels for the building industry, hardwood lumber for the furniture industry, and pulp for the paper and box industry. In 2002, Georgia produced over 3.04 billion board feet of lumber (third in the United States), of which 87% was softwood (pine).

The chief recreational forest areas are in the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest, consisting of two main tracts in the northern and central part of the state. Georgia has 1,856,000 acres (751,123 hectares) of National Forest System lands, 99% of which are within the boundaries of the two major tracts.

25 Mining

In 2001, the US Geological Survey estimated the value of nonfuel minerals produced in Georgia at $1.61 billion. The state ranked seventh nationally in value of nonfuel mineral production. According to preliminary figures, Georgia produced about 24% of all clay output in the United States. Kaolin clay was Georgia’s foremost non-fuel mineral commodity, accounting for 54% of the total nonfuel mineral value in 2001, while crushed stone represented about 29%. Other minerals increasing in value included portland cement, fuller’s earth, crushed stone, and industrial sand and gravel.

In 2001, the state was the national leader in the quantity of kaolin, fuller’s earth, and iron oxide pigments. Georgia also ranked second in barite (used by the chemical and the industrial filler and pigments industries), fourth in common clays and feldspar, fifth in dimension stone, and ninth in masonry cement. Blue-gray granite, known as “Elberton granite,” is the mainstay of the industry. The granite is commonly used for road curbing in the northeastern United States. Overall, the estimated quantity of dimension stone produced was 74 million metric tons valued at $11 million in 2001. Output of crushed stone, Georgia’s second-leading mineral commodity, was 76 million metric tons valued at $463 million.

26 Energy and Power

Georgia is an energy-dependent state which produces only a small proportion of its energy needs, most of it through hydroelectric power. There are no commercially recoverable petroleum or natural-gas reserves, and the state’s coal deposits are not of great importance. Georgia does have large amounts of timberland, however, and it has been estimated that 20–40% of the state’s energy demands could be met by using wood that is currently wasted.

In 2000, Georgia’s total per capita energy consumption was 338 million Btu (85.2 million kilocalories), ranking it 28th among the 50 states. In 1999, Georgia produced 117.7 billion kilowatt hours of electricity (utility and nonutility) and had a total installed capacity of 25 million kilowatts. As of 2001, the Georgia Power Co. operated two atomic reactors at the Edwin I Hatch power plant near Baxley, with a combined capacity of 1,726,000 kilowatts, and two more reactors, with a combined capacity of 2,297,000 kilowatts, at the Vogtle plant at Waynesboro. All utilities are regulated by the Georgia Public Service Commission.

Exploration for oil is currently in progress off the coast, but the state’s offshore oil resources are expected to be slight.

27 Commerce

Georgia’s wholesale trade in 1997 had total sales of $170 billion. The state ranked 10th in retail trade in 1992, with sales totaling $49.9 billion. Retail sales in the Atlanta area accounted for 53% of the total. Georgia exported goods worth $13 billion in 1998. Savannah is Georgia’s most important export center.

28 Public Finance

The governor’s Office of Planning and Budget prepares the budget, which is then presented to the general assembly at the beginning of each year’s session. The assembly may decide to change the revenue estimate, but it usually goes along with the governor’s forecast. The fiscal year begins on 1 July. The Georgia constitution forbids the state to spend more than it takes in from all sources,

The total state revenues for 2001 were $25.2 billion and expenditures were $27.8 billion. The largest general expenditures were for education ($11.5 billion), public welfare ($6.3 billion), and highways ($1.7 billion). Georgia’s state debt totaled more than $7.5 billion in 2001, or about $894.61 per capita.

29 Taxation

Georgia was the last of the 13 original colonies to tax its citizens, but today its state tax structure is among the broadest in the United States. Sales tax in the state is at 4% and provides the second-largest source of revenue. Basic foods and prescription drugs are exempt. State law allows counties to charge an additional 1% local-option sales tax and to use the money to roll back property taxes. Local sales and use taxes range from 1% to 3%. Almost half of Georgia’s taxes are collected at the local level.

The state personal income tax schedule has six brackets ranging from 1% to 6%. The basic corporate tax rate is 6%. Other state taxes include selective sales taxes (excises) on tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, motor fuels and insurance premiums, and various license fees.

State tax collection in Georgia totaled $13.77 billion in 2002, with 47.1% from individual income tax, 35% from state sales tax, 8.6% from selective sales taxes, and 4.1% from the corporate income tax. In 2003, combined state and local taxes amounted to 9.9% of income, the 15th highest in the country.

30 Health

In 2000, Georgia’s infant mortality rate was 8.5 per 1,000 live births. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease were leading causes of death. Of the population age 18 and older, 23.6% were smokers. The same year, the HIV-related death rate was 9.4 per 100,000 population. AIDS cases numbering 24,559 had been reported through 2001.

In 1998, there were 147 community hospitals in Georgia. By 2001, there were 24,113 beds available in these hospitals. Georgia had 28,326 full-time registered nurses and 4,502 full-time licensed practical nurses in 2001 and 225 physicians per 100,000 population the same year. The average daily expense for hospital care was $1,173.7. In 2002, at least 16.7% of Georgia’s adult population was uninsured.

The Medical College of Georgia, established at Augusta in 1828, is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and the center of medical research in the state. The Federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were established in Atlanta in 1973.

31 Housing

In 2002, there were an estimated 3,487,088 housing units in Georgia, of which 3,078,258 were occupied; 67.9% were owner-occupied. About 64.9% of all units were single-family, detached homes; about 12% were mobile homes. The average household size was 2.7 people. It was estimated that about 137,503 units were without telephone service, 14,408 lacked complete plumbing facilities, and 16,281 lacked complete kitchen facilities. Most households relied on gas and electricity for heating.

In 2002, 97,523 privately owned housing units were authorized for construction. The median value of a one-family home was about $131,221. The median monthly cost for mortgage owners was $1,125 while renters paid a median of $664 per month.

32 Education

During the colonial period, education was in the hands of private schoolmasters. Georgia’s first constitution called for the establishment of a school in each county. The oldest school in the state is Richmond Academy (Augusta), founded in 1788. The nation’s oldest chartered public university, the University of Georgia, dates from 1784. In 2000, 78.6% of the population age 25 or older had a high school diploma and 24.3% had obtained a bachelor’s degree or higher.

Total enrollment in public schools was estimated at 1,444,937 in fall 2000 and expected to reach 1,527,000 by fall 2005. Enrollment in private schools in fall 2001 was 116,407. Full-day kindergarten is offered statewide and preschool classes are available for all four-year-olds. Every school has a satellite dish for long-distance learning, and computers are being provided to every school, with extensive technology services, both instructional and administrative. Additionally, instructional services are provided for hearing- and sight-impaired students at three state schools: Atlanta Area School for the Deaf, Georgia Academy for the Blind, and Georgia School for the Deaf.

As of fall 2000, there were 436,555 students enrolled in college or graduate school. In the same year Georgia had 125 degree-granting institutions. Thirty-four public colleges are components of the University System of Georgia; the largest of these is the University of Georgia (Athens). The largest private university is Emory (Atlanta).

33 Arts

Atlanta is the major arts center of Georgia. The state has eight major art museums, as well as numerous private galleries. The Atlanta Memorial Arts Center was dedicated in 1968. The Atlanta Art Association exhibits the work of contemporary Georgia artists. Georgia’s Art Bus Program delivers art exhibits to Georgia communities, mostly in rural areas, for three-week periods.

Atlanta has a resident theater and there are community theaters in some 30 cities and counties. Georgia has actively cultivated the film-making industry and, as of the late 1990s, an increasing number of films for cinema and television were being produced in the state.

Georgia has at least 11 symphony orchestras, ranging from the Atlanta Symphony to community and college ensembles throughout the state. Atlanta and Augusta have professional ballet touring companies. Augusta has a professional opera company and choral groups and opera societies perform in all major cities. Macon has become a major recording center, especially for popular music. The north Georgia mountain communities retain their traditional folk music.

The Georgia Council for the Arts was founded in 1965. Major ongoing programs of the Council include the Georgia Folklife Program (est. 1987), the Grassroots Arts Program (est. 1993), and the State Capitol Gallery (est. 1991), which features exhibits from the State Art Collection of over 600 works of art from Georgian artists. The Georgia Humanities Council was founded in 1971. Georgia’s arts education programs are offered to about 21,600 students. There are over 200 arts associations in Georgia along with an estimated 30 local arts groups.

34 Libraries and Museums

In 2000, the Georgia public library system included 33 regional and 24 county systems, each operating under its own board. The holdings of all public libraries totaled 14.8 million volumes in 2000 with a combined circulation of over 34 million. The University of Georgia had by far the largest academic collection, including over 3 million books.

Georgia has 179 museums, including the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences in Savannah, the Georgia State Museum of Science and

Industry in Atlanta, and the Columbus Museum of Arts and Sciences. Atlanta’s Cyclorama depicts the 1864 Battle of Atlanta.

Georgia abounds in historic sites. Sites administered by the National Park Service include the Chickamauga battlefield, Kennesaw Mountain battlefield, Fort Pulaski National Monument, and Andersonville prison camp near Americus, all associated with the Civil War, as well as the Fort Frederica National Monument, an 18th-century English barracks on St. Simons Island. The Martin Luther King Jr., National Historic Site was established in Atlanta in 1980. Also in Atlanta is former President Jimmy Carter’s library, museum, and conference center complex.

35 Communications

As of 2001, 93.2% of Georgian households had telephones. In 2003, Georgia had 106 major radio stations, 24 AM and 82 FM. There were 37 major television stations in the same year. Atlanta had 1,774,720 television-owning households in 1999, 70% of which received cable.

On 1 June 1980, Atlanta businessman Ted Turner inaugurated the independent Cable News Network (CNN), which made round-the-clock news coverage available to 4,100 cable television systems throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, CNN had become well known worldwide. In addition, Turner broadcasts CNN Headline News. A total of 183,093 Internet domain names were registered in Georgia by the year 2000.

36 Press

In 1817, the Savannah Gazette became the state’s first daily. After the Native American linguist Sequoyah gave the Cherokee a written language, Elias Boudinot gave them a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix, in 1828. Georgia authorities suppressed the paper in 1835 and Boudinot joined his tribe’s tragic migration westward. In 1958, Ralph E. McGill, editor and later publisher of the Constitution, won a Pulitzer Prize for his editorial opposition to racial intolerance. In 2001, the Constitution, and the Atlanta Journal merged to form the Journal-Constitution, owned by Cox Newspapers.

As of 2002, Georgia had 27 morning dailies, 6 evening dailies, and 28 Sunday newspapers. Leading newspapers with their 2002 daily circulations were: the Journal-Constitution (396,464); the Augusta Chronicle (69,022); and the Macon Telegraph (63,553).

Periodicals published in Georgia include Golf World, Atlanta Weekly, Robotics World, and Southern Accents. Among the nation’s better-known scholarly presses is the University of Georgia Press (Athens), which publishes the Georgia Review.

37 Tourism, Travel & Recreation

In 2002, over 42 million travelers spent $23.9 billion on visits to Georgia. More than 207,000 jobs are supported by the tourism industry in Georgia.

Besides national forests and parks, major tourist attractions include the Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia; Stone Mountain near Atlanta; former President Jimmy Carter’s home in Plains; the birthplace, church, and gravesite of Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta; and the historic squares and riverfront of Savannah. The varied attractions of the Golden Isles include fashionable Sea Island. Georgia has long been a hunters’ paradise. Waynesboro calls itself the “bird dog capital of the world,” and Thomasville in South Georgia is a popular destination for quail hunters.

38 Sports

There are four major league professional sports teams in Georgia, all in Atlanta. Turner Field and the Georgia Dome, main venues for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, serve as the home field baseball’s Atlanta Braves and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. The Philips Arena houses the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association and the Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League. The Atlanta Braves won the National League Pennant five times in the 1990s and won the World Series in 1995.

The Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500 and the NAPA 500 are two of the NASCAR Winston Cup auto races. They are both held at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The Masters, the most publicized golf tournament in the world, has been played at the Augusta National Golf Club since 1934. The Atlanta Golf Classic is also listed on the professional golfers’ tour.

Football and basketball dominate college sports. The University of Georgia Bulldogs play in the Southeastern Conference. Georgia Tech’s Yellow Jackets of the Atlantic Coast Conference are a perennial basketball power. The Peach Bowl has been an annual postseason football game in Atlanta since 1968.

Professional fishing, sponsored by the Bass Anglers Sportsman’s Society, is one of the fastest-growing sports in the state. Another popular summer pastime is rafting with raft races on the Chattahoochee at Atlanta and Columbus, and on the Savannah River at Augusta.

39 Famous Georgians

James Earl “Jimmy” Carter (b.1924), born in Plains, was the first Georgian to serve as president of the United States. He was governor of the state (1971–75) before being elected to the White House in 1976. He was the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Clarence Thomas (b.1948) was appointed as a Supreme Court Justice in 1991. Dean Rusk (1909–1994) was secretary of state in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Notable US senators in recent years were Herman Talmadge (1913–2002), and Sam Nunn (b.1938). A Georgia member of Congress, Newt Gingrich (b. Pennsylvania 1943), served as Speaker of the US House of Representatives from 1994 until 1998.

Revolutionary War hero James Jackson (b.England, 1757–1806) organized the Democratic-Republican Party (today’s Democratic Party) in Georgia. Confederate General Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906) became a major general in the US Army during the Spanish-American War. Other Civil War generals included W. H. T. Walker (1816–1864), Thomas R. R. Cobb (1823–1862), who also codified Georgia’s laws, and John B. Gordon (1832–1904), later a US senator and governor of the state.

Among Georgia’s notable Native Americans were Osceola (1800–1838), who led the Seminoles into the Florida swamps rather than move west and rallied them during the Seminole War of 1835–42; Sequoyah (b.Tennessee, 1773–1843), who framed an alphabet for the Cherokee; and John Ross (Coowescoowe, b.Tennessee, 1790–1866), the first president of the Cherokee republic.

Distinguished black Georgians include civil-rights activists W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) DuBois (b.Massachusetts, 1868–1963). One of the best-known Georgians was Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968), born in Atlanta, leader of the March on Washington in 1963, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole, 1897–1975) was also a Georgian. Other prominent black leaders include Atlanta Mayor and former UN Ambassador Andrew Young (b.Louisiana, 1932), former Atlanta Mayor Maynard Jackson (b.Texas, 1938), and Georgia Senator Julian Bond (b.Tennessee, 1940).

Famous Georgia authors include Joel Chandler Harris (1848–1908), Conrad Aiken (1889–1973), and Flannery O’Connor (1925–1964). Also notable is Margaret Mitchell (1900–1949), whose Pulitzer Prize-winning Gone With the Wind (1936) typifies Georgia to many readers.

Entertainment celebrities include songwriter Johnny Mercer (1909–1976); comedian Oliver Hardy (1877–1961); musicians Ray Charles (Ray Charles Robinson, 1930–2004), James Brown (1933–2006), Little Richard (Richard Penniman, b.1935), Otis Redding (1941–1967), Gladys Knight (b.1944), Brenda Lee (b.1944), and Amy Grant (b.1961); and actors Joanne Woodward (b.1930), and Burt Reynolds (b.1936).

Major sports figures include baseball’s “Georgia peach,” Tyrus Raymond “Ty” Cobb (1886–1961); Jack Roosevelt “Jackie” Robinson (1919–1972), the first black man to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; and Robert Tyre “Bobby” Jones (1902–1971), winner of the “grand slam” of four major golf tournaments in 1930.