Campbell, Naomi 1970–

views updated May 17 2018

Naomi Campbell 1970

Model, actress

Discovered in Shopping Arcade

Expanded Career With Music and Acting

Opened Fashion Café

Developed Reputation for Being Difficult

Launched Signature Fragrance

Sources

With looks that some have described as exoticher grandmother was a Chinese native of JamaicaNaomi Campbell has become a familiar figure on the covers of leading American and European fashion publications. She has appeared in Cosmopolitan, Vogue, and Elle, and was the first black woman ever to appear on the cover of the French edition of Vogue. Not content with modeling alone, Campbell has broadened her career to include singing, acting, and a variety of business ventures.

Campbell was born on May 20, 1970, in Streatham, London, England. Her father, a Jamaican immigrant who was part Chinese, left the family before she was born. Her mother, Valerie Campbell, was born in Jamaica but grew up in London. A modern ballet dancer, Valerie spent much time traveling throughout Europe with her dance troupe, so a nanny was hired to help raise Naomi and her brother. Like her mother, Campbell was also interested in ballet. At age ten, Campbell was accepted to Londons prestigious Italia Conti Stage School to study ballet. She also attended the London Academy of Performing Arts. During this time, Campbell landed bit parts in two films: Quest for Fire (1981) and Pink Floyds The Wall (1982).

Discovered in Shopping Arcade

When she was 15, an agent discovered Campbell in a shopping arcade at Covent Gardens, which Campbell frequented after school. Campbell described the encounter to George Wayne in Interview: I was just hanging out, and this woman comes up to me and says, Im a modeling agent. I didnt believe her, but I took her card home and gave it to my mother. And then I saw an interview of her in Tatler, so I knew she was legitimate. After that I started pleading with my mother to let me go see her. At the end of the school year, I did. She took a picture of me in my school uniform . then she sent me to a photographer who was working on an assignment for British Elle in New Orleans, and he booked me.

Signed to the Elite Modeling Agency, Campbell was soon working with some of the biggest names in the fashion industry, including Isaac Mizrahi, Calvin Klein, and Azzedine Alaia. She described in Interview some of her favorite fashion photographers: I like working with Herb Ritts, and I do very much like working with [Francesco] Scavullo. He makes me feel like a woman. Herb makes you feel very innocent. Steven [Meisel] makes you feel like a character. When you work with him hell give you

At a Glance

Born on May 22, 1970, in London, England; daughter of Valerie Campbell (a ballet dancer). Education: Attended London Academy of Performing Arts, c. 1985.

Career: Model, 1986-; appeared on London stage in The King and /; film appearances: Quest for Fire, 1982; The Wall 1982; Cool as Ice, 1991; The Night We Never Met, 1993; Miami Rhapsody, 1995; Girl 6, 1996; Invasion of Privacy, 1996; Trippin, 1999; Prisoner of Love, 1999; Destinazione Verna, 2000; television guest appearances: The Cosby Show, 1988; The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, 1990; albums: love and Tears, 1994; Babywoman, 1995; author (with ghostwriter), Swan, 1994; co-owner, The Fashion Café, beginning 1995.

Addresses: Agent International Creative Management, 8942 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90211.

postcards and books to look at and study. He makes me look different in every picture.

Earning more than $1 million a year, Campbells assignments have taken her to many locations around the world. For one of her most excitingand harrowingphoto shoots, she found herself, standing atop a volcano in Lanzarote, Spainin heels. Her face was emblazoned on the French, Italian, American, and British editions of Vogue in the late 1980s. In 1988, she made a guest appearance on The Cosby Show.

One reason Campbell was so highly sought after is what many in the fashion industry have praised as her natural modeling ability. Shes one of the most delightful girls Ive ever worked with, one of my favorite models, exalted fashion photographer Francesco Scavullo said in Harpers Bazaar. No one else has such an amazing body. She makes clothes come alive. Fashion coordinator Audrey Smaltz also commented in Harpers Bazaar on Campbells magnetism on style show runways: She doesnt realize how wonderful she is. She has terrific body languagemost models dontand can translate this into whatever shes wearing.

Expanded Career With Music and Acting

In the early 1990s, Campbell began to focus more on her other interests. In addition to appearing in Vanilla Ices film Cool as Ice (1991), she also contributed vocals to a track on the soundtrack. She then recorded two albums of her own: 1994s Love and Tears and Babywoman (1995). Campbell also recorded La, La, La Love Song with Japanese singer Toshi, and the song reached number one in Japan. In addition, she appeared in several music videos, including Michael Jacksons In the Closet video and George Michaels Freedom.

In 1994 Campbell published a novel. The ghost-written Swan presents the story of a successful supermodel who has decided to quit modeling. The novel was a critical disappointment. Jonathan Van Meter of Vogue called the book a laughingstock.

She commented about her hopes to expand her acting career in Interview: You cant learn it all. As they tell you, acting is reacting. So its all about going through life, having experiences. She won a small role in The Night We Never Met (1993), and in 1994 played a model in Robert Altmans Pret-a-Porter (Ready to Wear). The following year, she had parts in To WongFoo, Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar and Miami Rhapsody, which starred Sarah Jessica Parker and Mia Farrow. She also showed talent in a cameo in Spike Lees Girl 6 (1996). Campbell continued to make guest appearances on such television shows as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and New York Undercover, in addition to a cameo appearance on the British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous.

Campbell continued to model, earning fees of $10,000 a day. She was reportedly paid a six-figure sum to appear in Madonnas book Sex, which featured erotic photographs, and she selected all of the pictures for another photo book called simply Naomi, which consisted of favorite shots of herself taken by top photographers. Naomis proceeds were donated to the Red Cross, for use in Somalia relief efforts.

A bonafide supermodel with several films behind her, Campbell had risen to megastardom. Tabloids and gossip columns could not print enough about her personal life. She has been linked to Mike Tyson, Robert DeNiro, who Campbell initially denied dating but later revealed that they had a four-year relationship, and flamenco dancer Joaquin Cortes. Campbell was also briefly engaged to Adam Clayton, a member of the band U2. The rumor mill has also suggested romantic connections with Sylvester Stallone, Sean P. Diddy Combs, and Gabriel Byrne.

Opened Fashion Café

Campbells next venture was the restaurant business. In 1995 she, along with fellow models Elle MacPherson, Claudia Schiffer, and Christy Turlington, and Italian restaurateur Tommaso Buti, launched the Fashion Café. The restaurant and coffee house first opened in New York City, and was situated in Rockefeller Center. Patrons entered the restaurant through a door shaped like a giant camera lens and serving staff carried cuisine down a catwalk. The decor included a collection of fashion memorabilia, from Madonnas famous Jean-Paul Gaultier bustier to one of Elizabeth Taylors wedding gowns. Branches in London, Jakarta, Barcelona, Mexico City, New Orleans, and Manila soon followed.

By 1997, however, Turlington had pulled out of the company, and the next year, investors accused the Fashion Café of mismanagement. The New Orleans and Barcelona franchises were shut down, and Buti resigned after selling his stake in the firm. New management was called in to restore order, however, and the business continued at other locations. The New York branch, however, was later closed and the London restaurant was placed in receivership in 1998. Buti, accused of defrauding investors, was arrested in 2000 and charged with wire fraud, conspiracy, money laundering, and transportation of stolen property.

Developed Reputation for Being Difficult

Throughout her career, Campbell has developed a reputation for being notoriously difficult to work with. Her temper reportedly possessed a short and fiery fuse. She has also been known to be perpetually late to assignments or appointments. In addition, she has earned a reputation for making selfish demands, such as insisting on being the first and last to appear on the runway at fashion shows. It was this difficulty which supposedly led to her temporary dismissal from Elite. Other reports, however, indicated that she resigned and was later hired back.

During a film shoot in September of 1998 for Prisoner of Love, according to Joe Warmington in the Toronto Sun, several crew members called Campbell a nightmare to work with, and one anonymous crewman called her a spoiled child. In addition Georgiana Galanis, a Canadian assistant who had worked for Campbell for only nine days, claimed the model grabbed her by the throat, assaulted her with a telephone, and punched her in the shoulder twice. Campbell was arrested and charged with assault causing bodily harm.

Campbell did not attend the February of 2000 court hearing, but pleaded guilty in absentia to the lesser charge of assault. The court gave her an absolute discharge, which meant that she did not have to serve jail time and that she would not have criminal record in Canada. Galanis filed a civil suit, and an undisclosed settlement was reached out of court.

Aware of the problems caused by her incendiary temper, Campbell took steps to learn how to control her anger. In 1999 she spent four weeks at the Cottonwood Center in Tuscon, Arizona. While at the clinic, Campbell shared a room with three other patients, and learned several anger management techniques. Part of what drove her to seek help was Campbells fear that her anger was having a damaging effect on her relationship with Flavio Briatore, a businessman from Italy who Campbell began dating in 1999.

Campbell has given much of her time to charitable works. She has worked with the Dalai Lama rasing money to build kindergartens for poor communities. In February of 1998, she was involved with a fund raising event in Johannesburg, South Africa, for the Nelson Mandela Childrens Fund. Campbell continued to work with the Childrens Fund, developing a close friendship with Mandela.

Launched Signature Fragrance

The next step in Campbells ever-diversifying career was the development of her own line of fragrances. Produced by Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, her first perfume, Naomi Campbell, hit stores in Japan, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and Australia in the fall of 1999. U.S. stores welcomed the fragrance to their shelves in June of 2000.

Campbell was involved in every aspect of the production process. I didnt want to just put my name on something, like I did with the Fashion Café, she told WWD. I wanted to be involved with my fragrance every step of the way, and that meant committing myself in every wayto the promotion, to the formulation of the scent, to everything. Not only did Campbell work with Givaudan Roure to create the perfume, but she also worked with Thierry de Baschmakoff to design the bottle and outer packaging.

Naomi Campbell was only the first in a whole line of fragrances. Campbells second fragrance, Naomagic, was released in the fall of 2000. According to European Cosmetic Markets, this follow-up was said to free the magical attraction of a woman. Campbell turned to her favorite flower, the lily of the valley, for inspiration in creating this scent. The design for the flacon containing the perfume was also inspired by two stones that she has always carried in her handbag: a rock crystal for energy and a stone talisman for good luck.

With the success of these fragrances, Campbell planned to expand her line to include cosmetics, candles, and perhaps even skin care products. Im not doing this because Im forced to financially, she told WWD. Instead, Im doing it because it touches me. It makes a statement about my sense of smell to the world.

In February of 2000 Campbell was still in demand as a model. However, she decided to reduce the number of runway shows she appeared in. I find it really stressful, she told the South China Morning Post. Besides, there was only so much time in a day for the model/actress/entrepreneur, and she had several goals yet to accomplish. Oh God, theres a lot more, Campbell said in her book Naomi, as quoted in the African News Service. Ive got motherhood to achieve, marriage and family life. That for me would be a lot more than Ive achieved in my career. Thats something I would really love to do in my life.

Sources

Books

Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television, Vol. 31, Gale 2000.

Newsmakers, Gale, 2000.

Periodicals

Africa News Service, March 11, 2001.

Cosmetics International, October 10, 2000, p. 11.

Entertainment Weekly, April 4, 1995, p. 6.

European Cosmetic Markets, October 2000, p. 420.

Harpers Bazaar, March 1990; June 1992, p. 90.

Independent, October 21, 1998, p. 7.

Interview, May 1990; February 1998, p. 56.

Jet, May 31, 1993, p. 5; November 16, 1998, p. 63; February 21, 2000, p. 53; March 6, 2000, p. 37.

Macleans, March 24, 1997, p. 12; February 14, 2000, p. 9.

Mademoiselle, February 1989, p. 122.

Nations Restaurant News, December 18, 2000, p. 4.

Newsweek, June 18, 2001, p. 62.

New York Times Magazine, November 24, 1996, p. 60.

People, June 11, 1990, p. 44; December 30, 1991, p. 82; November 23, 1998, p. 132.

People Weekly, January 20, 1997, p. 37; September 8, 1997, p. 45.

Restaurants & Institutions, February 1, 2001, p. 21.

South China Morning Post, December 13, 1999; February 3, 2000.

Toronto Sun, December 13, 1998, p. 4.

Vanity Fair, December 1990, p. 194.

Vogue, March 1999, p. 438.

WWD, June 16, 2000, p. 6.

Online

Amazon.com, http://www.amazon.com (July 16, 2001).

Fashion Café, http://www.fashion-cafe.com (January 5, 2000).

Internet Movie Database, http://us.imdb.com.

http://mrshowbiz.go.com (February 8, 2000).

Michael E. Mueller and Jennifer M. York

Campbell, Naomi 1970—

views updated May 21 2018

Naomi Campbell 1970

Model

At a Glance

Sources

Deemed the reigning megamodel of them all in Interview magazine, London-born Naomi Campbell is one of the worlds most in-demand and highly paid models. Campbell earns over $1 million annually; for a single days work she can bring in upwards of $10,000. With looks that some have described as exoticher grandmother was a Chinese native of Jamaica Campbell is a familiar figure on the covers of leading American and European fashion publications. She has appeared in Cosmopolitan, Vogue, and Elle, and holds the distinction of being the first ethnic woman ever to appear on the cover of the French edition of Vogue.

One reason Campbell is so highly sought after is what many in the fashion industry have praised as her natural modeling ability. Shes one of the most delightful girls Ive ever worked with, one of my favorite models, exalted renown fashion photographer Francesco Scavullo in Harpers Bazaar. No one else has such an amazing body. She makes clothes come alive. Fashion coordinator Audrey Smaltz also commented in Harpers Bazaar on Campbells magnetism on style show runways: Shes doesnt realize how wonderful she is. She has terrific body languagemost models dontand can translate this into whatever shes wearing. Designer Azzedine Alaia, one of Campbells personal favorites, calls her a little marvel.

The daughter of a modern ballet dancer, the brown-eyed brunette Campbell entered modeling when she was fifteen and a student at Londons Academy of Performing Arts. An agent discovered her in a shopping arcade of Covent Gardens, which Campbell frequented after school. Campbell described the encounter to George Wayne in Interview: I was just hanging out, and this woman comes up to me and says, Im a modeling agent. I didnt believe her, but I took her card home and gave it to my mother. And then I saw an interview of her in Tatler, so I knew she was legitimate. After that I started pleading with my mother to let me go see her. At the end of the school year, I did. She took a picture of me in my school uniform then she sent me to a photographer who was working on an assignment for British Elle in New Orleans, and he booked me. Superstar model Christy Turlington, a close friend of Campbells, first met the teenage hopeful at the agency where Turlington was working. She was wearing her school uniform, Turlington related to Elizabeth

At a Glance

Born May 22, 1970, in London, England; mother was a ballet dancer. Education: Attended London Academy of Performing Arts c. 1985.

Model, 1986. Appeared on London stage in The King and /, in films Quest for Fire and The Wall, both 1982, and on television series The Cosby Show.

Sporkin in People. The next time I saw her, a few months later, she was on her own in Paris, dancing until 4 a.m.

Campbell has worked with some of the biggest names in the fashion industry. She described in Interview some of her favorite fashion photographers: I like working with Herb Ritts, and I do very much like working with [Francesco] Scavullo. He makes me feel like a woman. Herb makes you feel very innocent. Steven [Meisel] makes you feel like a character. When you work with him hell give you postcards and books to look at and study.

He makes me look different in every picture. Campbells assignments have taken her to many locations around the world. For one of her most excitingand harrowingphoto shoots, she found herself, standing atop a volcano in Lanzarote, Spainin heels.

Campbells future may hold more than modeling. She has an ambition to act; prior to her modeling career, Campbell appeared on the London stage in a production of The King and I and in two 1982 movies, Quest for Fire and Pink Floyds The Wall. More recently she played the character of Julia on NBC-TVs The Cosby Show. Campbell hopes to expand her acting career and appears confident that the jet-set life of an international model is ample preparation. She remarked to Wayne: You cant learn it all. As they tell you, acting is reacting. So its all about going through life, having experiences.

Sources

Harpers Bazaar, March 1990.

Interview, May 1990.

People, June 11, 1990.

Michael E. Mueller

Campbell, Naomi 1970–

views updated May 18 2018

Campbell, Naomi 1970–

PERSONAL

Born May 22, 1970, in Streatham, London, England; daughter of Valerie Campbell (a ballet dancer). Education: Studied classical ballet at Italia Conti Art School, London; attended the London Academy of Performing Arts, c. 1985.

Addresses: Manager—Artists Independent Management, 825 Nowita Pl., Venice, CA 90291; Premier Model Management, Ltd., 40/42 Parker St., London WC2B 5PQ England. Publicist—Dan Klores Communications, 386 Park Ave. South, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10016.

Career: Actress and model. Elite Model Management, New York City, model, 1987–93; Ford Models, Inc., model in Paris, beginning in 1991, and New York City, beginning in 1993; also worked for Elite Premier, London; first black model to appear on the covers of Time and the British and French editions of Vogue; appeared in print ads for Prada, 1994, Victoria's Secret, 1996, Hilton Hotels, 1999, Sunpoint, 2003, Dolce & Gabbana, 2005, and Pirelli; appeared in television commercials, including Martini spumante, 1997, Vivo (a Brazilian cell phone company), 2004, and British supermarket Tesco, 2005. Former co-owner (with Elle MacPherson and Claudia Schiffer) of Fashion Cafe (restaurant and coffee house chain), with locations in New York City, London, Jakarta, Barcelona, Mexico City, and Manila, 1995–c. 1998; launched a line of perfumes and colognes, 1999; launched NC.Connect (a lifestyle company), 2002. Involved with efforts for underprivileged children, the Red Cross, and UNESCO.

Awards, Honors: Named one of the fifty most beautiful people in the world, People Weekly, 1991.

CREDITS

Film Appearances:

Snow White, The Chiffy Kids: All in a Good Cause, Children's Film Foundation, 1978.

Snow White, The Chiffy Kids: Slimderella, Children's Film Foundation, 1978.

Quest for Fire, Twentieth Century-Fox, 1982.

The Wall, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists, 1982.

Singer at first club, Cool As Ice, Universal, 1991.

French cheese shopper, The Night We Never Met, Miramax, 1993.

Model, Pret-a-Porter (also known as Ready to Wear), Miramax, 1994.

Herself, Catwalk (documentary), Arrow, 1995.

Kaia, Miami Rhapsody, Buena Vista, 1995.

Girl, To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything, Julie New-mar, Universal, 1995.

Herself, Unzipped, Miramax, 1995.

Girl number 75, Girl 6, Twentieth Century-Fox, 1996.

Cindy Carmichael, Invasion of Privacy, Trimark, 1996.

Second attendant, An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (also known as Burn Hollywood Burn), Buena Vista, 1997.

Herself, Beautopia (documentary), Film Manufacturers/Fox Lorber/Hit & Run Productions, 1998.

Naomi, Trippin', October Films, 1999.

Tracy, Prisoner of Love, Sterling Home Entertainment, 1999.

Destinazione Verna, 2000.

Herself, Black and White, Screen Gems, 2000.

Herself, Ali G Indahouse (also known as Ali G in da House and Ali G Indahouse: The Movie), Universal Focus, 2002.

Sales assistant, Fat Slags, Entertainment Film Distributors, 2004.

Jennifer, Karma, Confessions and Holi, 2006.

Go Go Tales, 2006.

Television Appearance; Series:

Simone, New York Undercover (also known as Uptown Undercover), Fox, 1995.

Herself, Fashiontrance, Style Network, 2002.

Fashion Mix, Style Network, 2004.

Television Appearances; Specials:

First Person with Maria Shriver, NBC, 1992.

Sports Illustrated: Swimsuit '92, HBO, 1992.

Fallen Champ: The Untold Story of Mike Tyson (documentary), NBC, 1993.

The Look (documentary), PBS, 1993.

Inside Victoria's Secret (also known as Christmas Dreams and Fantasies: The Making of the Victoria's Secret Holiday Catalogue), Showtime, 1994.

Die schoensten frauen der welt—Karen Mulder, 1995.

Die schoensten frauen der welt—Carla Bruni, 1995.

Die schoensten Frauen der welt—Naomi Campbell, 1996.

The 107th Tournament of Roses Parade, 1996.

Sports Illustrated: Swimsuit '97, 1997.

Fashion Kingdom: Naomi Campbell (documentary; also known as Naomi Conquers Africa), VH1, 1998.

Host, Miss Universe 2001, CBS, 2001.

Intimate Portrait: Naomi Campbell, Lifetime, 2001.

(Uncredited) Herself, Cleavage (documentary), Arts and Entertainment, 2002.

Herself, Monstrous Bosses and How to Be One, BBC, 2002.

Elvis Lives, NBC, 2002.

The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, CBS, 2002, 2003, UPN, 2005.

When Supermodels Ruled the World (documentary), VH1, 2003.

101 Biggest Celebrity Oops, E! Entertainment Television, 2004.

The Rise of the Celebrity Class (documentary), BBC, 2004.

Showbiz Hissy Fits, Channel 4, 2005.

Television Appearances; Awards Presentations:

The 24th Annual NAACP Image Awards, NBC, 1992.

Presenter, The 1994 MTV Music Video Awards, MTV, 1994.

The 1996 World Music Awards, ABC, 1996.

Presenter, The 68th Annual Academy Awards, ABC, 1996.

The 1997 MTV Video Music Awards, MTV, 1997.

Presenter, The 1998 VH1 Fashion Awards, VH1, 1998.

Presenter, The 1999 World Music Awards, ABC, 1999.

The Orange British Academy Film Awards, E! Entertainment Television, 2000.

MTV Europe Music Awards 2003 (also known as MTV Europe Music Awards Edinburgh 03), MTV, 2003.

The 34th NAACP Image Awards, Fox, 2003.

2003 Vibe Awards: Beats, Style, Flavor, UPN, 2003.

Presenter, The 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, MTV, 2004.

Presenter, The 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards, MTV, 2004.

Save the Music: A Concert to Benefit the VH1 Save the Music Foundation, VH1, 2005.

Herself, Out of Africa: Heroes and Icons (documentary), BBC, 2005.

Television Appearances; Episodic:

Pupil, Grange Hill, 1977.

Good Morning Britain (also known as TV-am), ITV, 1986.

Julia, "The Birth," The Cosby Show, NBC, 1988.

Julia, "Cyranoise Bernington," The Cosby Show, NBC, 1988.

Helen, "Kiss My Butler," The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, NBC, 1990.

Harry Enfield and Chums, BBC, 1994.

Hi-Octane, Comedy Central, 1995.

Herself, "Jealous," Absolutely Fabulous, Comedy Central, 1995.

Host, Saturday Night Live (also known as SNL), NBC, 1997.

Model, E! Entertainment Television, 1997.

Herself, "The Game People Play," For Your Love, The WB, 1998.

Herself, "Stjernernes sexliv," SexOrama, 1999.

So Graham Norton, Channel 4, 2000.

Herself, "Wetten, dass …? aus Graz," Wetten, dass …?, 2000.

Herself, Esti showder, 2000.

Herself, Tout le monde en parle, 2000.

V Graham Norton, Channel 4, 2002.

Herself, "Wetten, dass …? aus Leipzig," Wetten, dass …?, 2003.

Lena Savage, "Asslane," Fastlane, Fox, 2003.

Herself, "Naomi Campbell," Revealed with Jules Asner, E! Entertainment Television, 2003.

Tinseltown TV, International Channel, 2004.

Herself, Parkinson, BBC, 2004.

Herself, Silenci?, 2005.

"Tyra's Last Walk," The Tyra Banks Show, UPN, 2005.

Herself, "Big Money Under the Tents," Fashion in Focus, NYC TV, 2005.

Herself, Le grand journal de Canal+, 2005.

"Naomi Campbell," Tyra Banks, UPN, 2005.

Herself, Corazon de …, 2005.

Herself, "The Newest Designer for Tommy Hilfiger Is …," The Cut, CBS, 2005.

"Sisterhood," The Tyra Banks Show, UPN, 2006.

Stage Appearances:

Appeared in a London production of The King and I.

RECORDINGS

Albums:

Love and Tears, 1994.

Babywoman, Epic, 1995.

The single "La, La, La Love Song," recorded with Japanese singer Toshi, reached number one in Japan.

Videos:

Herself, Models: The Film (documentary), 1991.

Herself, The Best of "So Graham Norton," 2000.

Herself, Rhythm City Volume One: Caught Up, BMG Distribution, 2005.

Herself, Before, During, and "After the Sunset" (documentary), New Line Home Video, 2005.

Music Videos:

(Uncredited) Herself, U2: Numb, Island Videos, 1993.

Herself, "In the Closet," Dangerous: The Short Films (also known as Michael Jackson—Dangerous: The Short Films), 1993.

Herself, "Freedom '90," Ladies & Gentleman: The Best of George Michel, Epic Music Video, 1999.

"Numb," U2: The Best of 1990–2000, Universal Music & Video Distribution, 2002.

U2: Love Is Blindness, 2003.

Jay Z featuring Pharrell, "Change Clothes," 2003.

Also appeared in Madonna's "Erotica" and Notorious B.I.G.'s "Nasty Girl."

WRITINGS

Novels:

(With ghostwriter) Swan, Heinemann, 1996.

Nonfiction:

Naomi, photographs selected by herself, with commentary by leading fashion designers, Universe, 1996.

Featured in the book Sex, by Madonna.

OTHER SOURCES

Books:

Contemporary Black Biography, Vol. 31, Gale Group, 2001.

Newsmakers 2000, Issue 2, Gale Group, 2000.

St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, St. James Press, 2000.

Periodicals:

Essence, September, 2003, p. 144.

Harper's Bazaar, December, 2003, p. 194.

Interview, May, 1990.

Jet, February 21, 2000, p. 53.

People, June 11, 1990.