GEORGE SAND: FURTHER READING

Biographies

Cate, Curtis. George Sand: A Biography, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975, 812 p.

Provides an in-depth look at Sand's life and work.

Winegarten, Renée. The Double Life of George Sand, Woman and Writer. New York: Basic Books, 1978, 339 p.

Critical biography of Sand, examining in particular her struggle to understand herself as a woman and a human being.

Criticism

Barry, Joseph. Infamous Woman: The Life of George Sand. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977, 436 p.

Addresses Sand's achievement in terms of her works and the events of her life, asserting that she was "quintessentially the modern woman."

Brée, Germaine. "George Sand: The Fictions of Autobiography." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 4, no. 4 (summer 1976): 438-49.

Argues that Sand's autobiography and fiction constitute attempts to define herself by integrating the opposing tendencies represented by the two mother figures in her life.

Crecelius, Kathryn J. "Writing a Self: From Aurore Dudevant to George Sand." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 14, no. 1 (spring 1985): 47-59.

Traces Sand's literary development through her early writings, most of which were not published in her lifetime.

——. Family Romances: George Sand's Early Novels. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987, 183 p.

Focusing on Sand's use of the father figure, explores a woman's depiction of the Oedipal triangle from the daughter's perspective.

——. "Female Fantastic: The Case of George Sand." L'Esprit Createur 28, no. 3 (fall 1988): 49-62.

Considers Sand's fiction in the context of nineteenth-century fantastic literature.

——. "'Fille majeure, etablie, maitresse de ses actions': George Sand's Unusual Heroines." In Women in French Literature, edited by Michael Guggenheim, pp. 137-433. Saratoga, Calif.: Anma Libri, 1988.

Investigates the range of Sand's female protagonists.

Danahy, Michael. "La Petite Fadette: The Dilemma of Being a Heroine." In The Feminization of the Novel, pp. 159-91. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991.

Analyzes Fadette as a heroine without role models or social support.

Datlof, Natalie, Jean Fuchs, and David A. Powell, eds. The World of George Sand, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991, 352 p.

Collection of essays on Sand, with articles exploring the author's political affinities, sexual politics, and autobiographical techniques.

Deutelbaum, Wendy and Cynthia Huff. "Class, Gender, and Family System: The Case of George Sand." In The (M)other Tongue: Essays in Psychoanalytic Interpretation, edited by Shirley Nelson Garner, Claire Kahane, and Madelon Sprengnether, pp. 260-79. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Argues that class and sexual politics together shaped Sand as an anti-feminist socialist who could envision utopia emerging only through male endeavor.

Dickenson, Donna. George Sand: A Brave Man—The Most Womanly Woman. Oxford, England: Berg, 1988, 190 p.

Emphasizes Sand's position as a hardworking professional writer in the nineteenth century.

Ender, Evelyne. Sexing the Mind: Nineteenth-Century Fictions of Hysteria. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995, 300 p.

Studies Sand, Henry James, and George Eliot in the context of the construction of gender difference during the nineteenth century, when gender divisions were being clearly demarcated in literary and scientific discourse through the codification of the "hysterical" woman.

Glasgow, Janis, ed. George Sand: Collected Essays, Troy, N.Y.: Whitson, 1985, 329 p.

Collection of essays exploring Sand's creative process, her literary influences, her reputation, and her ideas on the woman question and other issues.

Grant, Richard B. "George Sand's La Mare au Diable: A Study in Male Passivity." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 13, no. 4 (summer 1985): 211-23.

Analysis of La Mare au Diable which explores a man's maturity and his masculinity, analyzing its importance for the position of women.

——. "George Sand's Lélia and the Tragedy of Dualism." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 19, no. 4 (summer 1991): 499-516.

Studies the characters in Lélia psychologically in order to explore the theme of dualism at the heart of the novel.

Gray, Margaret E. "Silencing the (M)other Tongue in Sand's François Le Champi." Romanic Review 83, no. 3 (May 1992): 339-56.

Analysis of the theatrical or dialogicized "female" narration of François Le champi.

Jurgrau, Thelma. "Critical Introduction: Gender Positioning in Story of My Life. "In Story of My Life: The Autobiography of George Sand, edited by Thelma Jurgrau, pp. 7-29. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.

Focuses on Sand's representation of gender and the gap between the writer's declared intentions and her actual narrative, arguing that Sand's autobiography is a carefully constructed life story that foregrounds the idea of "gender in flux."

Lukacher, Maryline. "Sand: Double Identity." In Maternal Fictions: Stendhal, Sand, Rachilde, and Bataille, pp. 61-89. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994.

Examines the function of the doubled female figures in Indiana and their connection to Sand's relationship with the two mother figures in her life.

Massardier-Kenney, Françoise. "A Question of Silence: George Sand's Nanon." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 21, nos. 3-4 (spring-summer 1993): 357-65.

Explores the narrative techniques in Nanon.

——. Introduction to Gender in the Fiction of George Sand, pp. 1-14. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodolpi, 2000.

Examines the strategies Sand uses in her novels to question the definitions of gender.

Miller, Nancy K. "Writing from the Pavilion: George Sand and the Novel of Female Pastoral." In Subject to Change: Reading Feminist Writing, pp. 206-28. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

Explores the spatial and sexual economy of Valentine to highlight Sand's attempt to provide an alternative to marriage for women.

Naginski, Isabelle Hoog. George Sand: Writing for Her Life. Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1991, 281 p.

Focuses on Sand's contribution to the development of the modern novel in terms of her conscious distancing from the dominant nineteenth-century French male tradition and her attempts to create a female poetics based upon an androgynous vision.

O'Brien, Dennis. "George Sand and Feminism." In George Sand Papers: Conference Proceedings, 1976, pp. 76-79. New York: AMS Press, 1980.

Attempts to place Sand in her own socio-historical context, highlighting her commitment to equality and to the revolt against male domination as evidence of her proto-feminism.

Petrey, Sandy. "George and Georgina Sand: Realist Gender in Indiana. "In Textuality and Sexuality: Reading Theories and Practices, edited by Judith Still and Michael Worton, pp. 133-47. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1993.

Places Indiana in the tradition of French realism by reading it as a novel that focuses on the socio-historical forces that determine the construction of gender identities.

Prasad, Pratima. "Deceiving Disclosure: Androgony and George Sand's Gabriel." French Forum 24, no. 3 (September 1999): 331-51.

Discusses the issues of transvestism and androgony and the related theme of masquerade in the novel Gabriel.

Rea, Annabelle. "Maternity and Marriage: Sand's Use of Fairy Tale and Myth." Studies in the Literary Imagination 12, no. 2 (fall 1979): 37-47.

Examines Sand's transformation of fairy tales into vehicles for her ideas on social change.

——. "Toward a Definition of Women's Voice in George Sand's Novels: The Siren and the Witch." In George Sand: Collected Essays, edited by Janis Glasgow, pp. 227-38. Troy, New York: Whitson, 1985.

Asserts that Sand's portrayal of women emphasizes women's need to speak out and deconstruct stereotypes, which casts vocal women as sirens or witches.

Rogers, Nancy. "Psychosexual Identity and the Erotic Imagination in the Early Novels of George Sand." Studies in the Literary Imagination 12, no. 2 (fall 1979): 19-35.

Examines Sand's treatment of female sexuality.

Schor, Naomi. "Female Fetishism: The Case of George Sand." Poetics Today 6, nos. 1-2 (1985): 301-310.

Examines Sand's use of fetishism as a deliberate strategy that foregrounds her characters' and her own bisexuality.

——. "The Portrait of a Gentleman: Representing Men in (French) Women's Writing." Representations 20 (fall 1987): 113-33.

Analyzes a recurrent scene in works by Sand, Mme. de Staël, and Mme. de Lafayette with a view to opening a broader discussion of the representation of men by women writers.

——. "Idealism in the Novel: Recanonizing Sand." Yale French Studies 75 (1988): 56-73.

Examines reasons for Sand's virtual exclusion from the literary canon in the late nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century.

——. George Sand and Idealism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, 275 p.

Explores the relationship between feminism and idealism in Sand's writing, discussing the effect of this conjunction on Sand's problematic position in the literary canon.

Singer, Armand E., Mary W. Singer, and Janice S. Spleth, eds. West Virginia George Sand Conference Papers, Morgantown: Department of Foreign Languages, West Virginia University, 1981, 111 p.

Collection of essays that includes commentary on Sand's ideas about gender, language, and politics.

Sivert, Eileen Boyd. "Lélia and Feminism." Yale French Studies 62 (1981): 45-66.

Compares Sand's treatment in Lélia of various problems surrounding the representation and recognition of women with the treatment of similar problems by twentieth-century French feminists Luce Irigaray and Hélène Cixous.

OTHER SOURCES FROM GALE:

Additional coverage of Sand's life and career is contained in the following sources published by the Gale Group: Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vols. 119, 192; DISCovering Authors; DISCovering Authors: British Edition; DISCovering Authors: Canadian Edition; DISCovering Authors Modules: Most-studied Authors and Novelists; DISCovering Authors 3.0; European Writers, Vol. 6; Feminist Writers; Guide to French Literature, 1789-Present; Literature Resource Center; Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vols. 2, 42, 57; Reference Guide to World Literature, Eds. 2, 3; Twayne's World Authors; and World Literature Criticism.