LEBED, ALEXANDER IVANOVICH

(1950–2002), Soviet, airborne commander, Afghan veteran, commander of the Fourteenth Army, Secretary of the Russian security council, and governor of Krasnoyarsk oblast.

Alexander Lebed graduated from the Ryazan Airborne School in 1973 and served in the Airborne Forces. From 1981 to 1982 he commanded an airborne battalion in Afghanistan, and then attended the Frunze Military Academy from 1982 to 1985. In 1988 he assumed command of an airborne division, which deployed to various ethno-national hot spots within the USSR, including Tbilisi and Baku. An associate of General Pavel Grachev, the Commander of Airborne Forces, Lebed was appointed Deputy Commander of Airborne Forces in February 1991. In August, Lebed commanded the airborne troops sent to secure the Russian White House during the attempted August coup against Gorbachev. In a complex double game, Lebed neither secured the building nor arrested Yeltsin. In 1992 Pavel Grachev appointed him commander of the Russian Fourteenth Army in Moldova. Lebed intervened to protect the Russian population in the self-proclaimed Transdneistr Republic, which was involved in an armed struggle with the government of Moldova. Lebed became a hero to Russian nationalists. But in 1993 Lebed refused to support the Red-Browns opposing Yeltsin. In 1994 he spoke out against the Yeltsin government's military intervention in Chechnya, calling it ill prepared and ill conceived. In 1995 Lebed was retired from the military at President Yeltsin's order. In December 1995 he was elected to the State Duma. He then ran for president of Russia on the Congress of Russian Communities ticket with a nationalist and populist program and finished third (14.7% of the vote) in the first round of the 1996 election, behind Yeltsin and Zyuganov. Yeltsin brought Lebed into his administration as Secretary of the Security Council to ensure his own victory in the second round of voting. But Lebed proved an independent actor, and in August, when the war in Chechnya reerupted, Lebed sought to end the fighting to save the Army, accepted a cease–fire, and signed the Khasavyurt accords with rebel leader Aslan Maskhadov. The accords granted Chechnya autonomy but left the issue of independence for resolution by 2001. Lebed's actions angered Yeltsin's close associates, including Minister of Internal Affairs Anatoly Kulikov, who engineered Lebed's removal from the government in October 1996. Yeltsin justified the removal on the grounds that Lebed was a disruptive force within the government. In 1998 Lebed ran successfully for the post of Governor of Krasnoyarsk Oblast. On April 28, 2002, he was killed in a helicopter crash outside Krasnoyarsk.

See also: military, soviet and post-soviet; transdniester republic

bibliography

Kipp, Jacob W. (1996). "The Political Ballet of General Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed: Implications for Russia's Presidential Elections." Problems of Post-Communism 43:43–53.

Kipp, Jacob W. (1999). "General-Lieutenant Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed: The Man, His Program and Political Prospects in 2000." Problems of Post-Communism 46:55–63.

Lebed, Alexander. (1997). General Alexander Lebed: My Life and My Country. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub.

Petrov, Nikolai. (1999). Alexander Lebed in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Moscow: Carnegie Center.

Jacob W. Kipp