GIS

GIS is the common abbreviation for geographic information systems, a powerful and widely used computer database and software program that allows scientists to link geographically referenced information related to any number of variables to a map of a geographical area. GIS allows its users to analyze and display data using digitized maps. In addition, GIS can generate maps and tables useful to a wide-range of applications involving planning and decision-making. GIS programs allow the rapid storage, manipulation, and correlation of geographically referenced data (i.e., data tied to a particular point or latitude and longitude intersection on a map).

GIS has expanded from use in a number of emergency support agencies and systems such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and in military conflict to widespread general use. Many car and truck models built in 2006 come with GIS as a navigational aid, for example. Portable GIS units are available that can be used for directional aid while walking, and even to help a golfer in their club selection by determining the distance remaining between the ball and the hole.

GIS maps are able to convey the same information as conventional maps, including the locations of rivers, roads, topographical features, and information including location of cites and political boundaries. Different types of information can be incorporated into a GIS image. For example, rainfall data can be expressed along with data describing terrain features and soil contamination data to identify sources of pollution.

In a poignant use of the technology, GIS mapping was used to map remains after the break up of the space shuttle Columbia in January 2003. Debris field maps helped narrow search patterns and by linking the location of debris allow engineers and investigators to reconstruct the disaster.