Alfonso XIII

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Alfonso XIII (1886–1941) King of Spain (1886–1931). He was born after the death of his father, Alfonso XII, and his mother Maria Christina (1858–1929) acted as regent until 1902. Alfonso's reign was marked by civil unrest and he survived several assassination attempts. He used military and authoritarian measures to suppress republicans and Catalan and Basque nationalists. In 1923 Alfonso supported the establishment of a military dictatorship under General Miguel Primo de Rivera. In 1930 the collapse of the dictatorship left Alfonso personally discredited and he was forced into exile (1931).

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