Pärt, Arvo (b Paide, 1935). Estonian composer. Worked for Estonian radio 1958–67. Emigrated in 1980, settling in (West) Berlin 1982. Early works influenced by Shostakovich, but later adopted strict serialism and eventually collages and minimalism. Works incl.:ORCH.: syms.: No.1 (1963), No.2 (1966), No.3 (1971); Nekrolog (1960); Perpetuum mobile (1963); Pro et Contra, vc. conc. (1966); Credo, pf., ch., orch. (1968); If Bach had kept bees (Wenn Bach Bienen gezüchtet hätte), 2 versions, hpd., elec. (1978), hpd., 20 str. (1980); Tabula rasa, double conc., 2 vn. (or vn. and va.), str., prepared pf. (1977); Fratres, str., perc. (1977, rev. 1991), vn., str. (1977, rev. 1991) (see also ENSEMBLE and CHAMBER MUSIC); Summa, str. (1980–91) (see also CHORAL and CHAMBER MUSIC); Cantus in memory of Benjamin Britten, str., bell (1980); Festina lente, str., opt. hp. (1988, rev. 1990); Silouan's Song (My Soul yearns after the Lord…), str. (1991).CHORAL: Cantate Domino Canticum Novum (Ps. 95), vv., instr. (1977–91); Missa syllabica, vv., instr. (1977–91); De profundis, male ch., perc. (opt.), org. (1980); Summa, unacc. ch. or 4 soloists (1980–90) (see also ORCH. and CHAMBER MUS.); St John Passion, ten., bass, vocal qt., ch., ob., bn., vn., vc., org. (1982); By the Waters of Babylon, ch., instr. (1984), with org. (1991); Te Deum, 3 ch., pf., tape, str. (1984–5, rev. 1986); 7 Magnificat Antiphons, unacc. ch. (1988, rev. 1991); Magnificat, unacc. ch. (1989); Nun eile ich zu euch, unacc. ch. or soloists (1989); Miserere, 5 soloists, ch., ens., org. (1989, rev. 1990); Mother of God and Virgin, unacc. ch. (1990); Beatus Petronius, 2 ch., 2 org. (1990); Statuit ei Dominus, 2 ch., 2 org. (1990); The Beatitudes, ch. or soloists, org. (1990, rev. 1991); Berlin Mass, ch. or soloists, org. or str. (1990–1).VOICE(S) & INSTR(S).: Sarah was 90 years old, sop., 2 ten., perc., org. (1983–90); Psalm 121, ten. or bar., str. qt. (1984); Es sang vor langen Jahren, motet, counterten., vn., va. (1984); Psalm 117 and Psalm 131, sop., cont., counterten., ten., bass (1984); Stabat Mater, sop., cont., ten., vn., va., vc. (1985).ENSEMBLE: Collage on BACH, str., ob., hpd., pf. (1964); Fratres, chamber ens. (1977) (see also CHAMBER MUS.); Arbos, chamber ens. (1977), 7 fl., 3 triangles (opt.) (1977), 9 brass instr., perc. (1977–86).CHAMBER MUSIC: wind quintet (1964); Fratres, vn., pf. (1977–80), 4, 8, or 12 vc. (1977–83), str. qt. (1977–85), vc., pf. (1977–89), wind octet, perc. (1977–90); Spiegel im Speigel, vn., pf. (1979); Pari intervallo, 4 fl. (1980) (see also ORGAN); Summa, vn., 2 va., vc. (1980–90), str. qt. (1980–91) (see also ORCH. and CHORAL); Sarah was 90 years old, 2 pf., tpt. or sop. (1983) (see also VOICE(S) & INSTR(S).); Psalom, str. qt. (1986–91).PIANO: Diagrams (1964); Für Alina (1976); Variationen zur gesundung von Arinuschka (1977).ORGAN: Trivium (1976); Pari intervallo (1980) (see also CHAMBER MUSIC); Annum per annum (1980); Mein Weg hat Gipfel und Wellentäler (1985).