Detoxification Diets

Definition

Origins

Description

Function

Benefits

Precautions

Risks

Research and general acceptance

Resources

Definition

Detoxification diets, or detox diets for short, are a group of short-term diets intended to release accumulated toxins and waste products from the body. They are based on a theory of digestion and elimination usually associated with naturopathy, an alternative medical system that emphasizes the role of nutrition in restoring or improving the body’s own self-healing properties. In general, detox diets emphasize the following:

• Minimal intake of chemicals on or in food by choosing organic or non-processed foods
• Increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and other foods thought to aid the process of detoxification
• Increased intake of foods and fluids that speed up the processes of urination and defecation

Detoxification diets can be categorized into several subgroups: raw food diets, which are based on the premise that uncooked foods prevent the accumulation of toxins in the digestive system; mono diets, in which the dieter consumes only one or two foods (sometimes in liquid form only) for a period of 10-14 days; juice fasting, in which the dieter consumes large quantities of fruit and vegetable juices along with water and herbal teas for one to three days; and vegetarian or semi-vegetarian detox diets, which allow the dieter some variety of cooked whole grains, steamed vegetables, fresh fruit, and small amounts of protein foods as well as several glasses of water and herbal teas each day.

Origins

Detoxification diets as a general practice can be traced back for over 5,500 years to an annual ritual of bodily and spiritual preparation known as pancha karma, which is part of the practice of Ayurvedic medicine in India. Ayurveda is a traditional system of health care that dates back to about 3500 bc;its name is Sanskrit for “science of long life.” Pancha karma is undergone for disease prevention, which in Ayurvedic practice requires spiritual renewal and the

(Illustration by Stanley Publishing/Thomson Gale.)

breaking of negative emotional patterns as well as physical purification. It has three phases: a preparation phase, in which the person eliminates sweets, caffeinated drinks, and processed foods from the diet, as well as spending more time in meditation and taking walks in natural surroundings; the cleansing phase, which includes bloodletting, emesis (forced vomiting), nasal cleansing, and the use of enemas and laxatives as well as a very restricted diet of grains and vegetables; and a rejuvenation phase, in which solid foods are gradually reintroduced to the diet. Practitioners of Ayurveda in Canada and the United States generally omit vomiting and bloodletting in the second phase of pancha karma.

In Europe and North America the most important factor in the popularity of detoxification diets is naturopathy, an alternative approach to health care developed out of the natural healing movement in Germany and North America in the late nineteenth century. Naturopathy is closely connected with vegetarianism, particularly its raw-food offshoot. Naturopaths of the twenty-first century use a variety of techniques in treating patients, including hydrotherapy, spinal manipulation, and physical therapy as well as nutrition and dietary advice. There has been a revival of interest in naturopathy in the United States since the 1980s.

Naturopaths frequently recommend detoxification diets as a way of ridding the body of various toxins that they identify as coming from several sources:

• Heavy metals. These include such substances as cadmium, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, chromium, mercury, vanadium, strontium, antimony, cobalt, and lead, which are used in various manufacturing processes and some medical procedures as well as being present in batteries, electronic equipment,

KEY TERMS

Amaranth— An herb cultivated as a food crop in Mexico and South America. Its grains can be toasted and mixed with honey or molasses as a vegetarian treat.

Ayurveda— The traditional system of natural medicine that originated in India around 3500 BC. Its name is Sanskrit for “science of long life.” Some historians of medicine think that detoxification diets can be traced back to Ayurvedic practice.

Choline—A compound found in egg yolks and legumes that is essential to liver function.

Colonic— Sometimes called colonic hydrotherapy, a colonic is a procedure similar to an enema in which the patient’s colon is irrigated (washed out) with large amounts of water. This procedure is discouraged by mainstream physicians because of its potential risks to health.

Fruitarian— A vegetarian who eats only plant-based products (fruits, seeds, and nuts) that can be obtained without killing the plant.

Methionine— A crystalline amino acid found in many protein foods. It is sometimes taken as a supplement during a detox diet.

Mono diet— A type of detoxification diet based on the use of only one food or beverage, such as apples, grapes, lemonade, or other raw fruits or vegetables.

Naturopathy— A system of disease treatment that emphasizes natural means of health care, as water, natural foods, dietary adjustments, massage and manipulation, and electrotherapy, rather than conventional drugs and surgery. Naturopaths (practitioners of naturopathy) often recommend detox diets as a way of cleansing the body.

Pancha karma— An intensive one- to two-week ritual of detoxification practiced in Ayurvedic medicine that includes enemas, bloodletting, and nasal irrigation as well as fasting.

Pasteurization— A process for partial sterilization of milk or beverage juices by raising the liquid to a temperature that destroys disease organisms without changing its basic taste or appearance. Raw foodists avoid pasteurized food products.

Pau d’arco— A medicinal bark derived from a tree native to the Amazon rainforest. Pau d’arco is often brewed as a tea and taken as a diuretic or anti-inflammatory preparation.

Quinoa— An herb native to the Andes that produces starchy seeds that can be ground into flour and used as food.

Raw foodism— A term that refers to a group of dietary regimens composed entirely of foods that have not been raised above a certain temperature. Many raw foodists are vegans, although some eat raw meat or fish and use unpasteurized dairy products.

Vegan— A vegetarian who excludes all animal products from the diet, including those that can be obtained without killing the animal. Vegans are also known as strict vegetarians.

coins, cookware, food containers, and other common household items.

• Toxic chemicals taken directly into the digestive tract through alcoholic beverages, pesticide residues on supermarket produce, additives in processed foods, or drugs of abuse; or taken into the respiratory tract through breathing household solvents (nail polish remover, spot or stain removers containing benzene, etc.)
• Toxins in the digestive tract produced by yeast and other microorganisms. Ridding the body of this group of toxins is frequently cited as a reason for combining laxatives or enemas with detoxification diets. Mainstream physicians dispute the notion that normal digestion produces toxic substances in the colon that must be removed by a laxative or enema
• Ammonia, urea, and other breakdown products of protein metabolism. Naturopaths often recommend a vegetarian lifestyle as well as periodic intensive detoxification practices in order to minimize the production of these byproducts of meat and dairy products consumption

A third factor that has contributed to interest in detox diets in the 1990s and early 2000s is the environmental movement. Some people who are concerned about the impact on the environment of raising animals for food use detox diets as a transition into a long-term vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. In addition, growing awareness of the effects of exposure to industrial chemicals, pesticides, secondhand tobacco smoke, and other contaminants in the home environment as well as the workplace has led many people to consider detoxification diets as a preventive health practice to lower their risk of arthritis and other degenerative diseases.

Description

Practitioners of alternative medicine generally recommend the warmer months as the best time of year for a detox diet, although some dieters prefer January in order to counteract the effects of overindulgence in food and drink during the holidays. Many people suggest beginning a detox diet on the weekend or scheduling time off from work in order to allow time for extra rest if needed. Detox diets are usually used only once or twice a year.

Many detoxification diet books include a questionnaire or symptom checklist to help readers evaluate whether they need detoxification. The following list is typical; more than four “yes” answers indicates the individual could benefit from a detox diet:

• Do you have only one bowel movement per day, or only one every other day?
• Do you take prescription, recreational, or over-the-counter drugs?
• Do you eat meat more than twice a week?
• Do you eat fast foods or processed foods?
• Do you smoke, or are you exposed to secondhand smoke?
• Do you have any skin problems or digestive gas and bloating?
• Do you drink alcohol?
• Do you live in a major city?
• Do you drink tap water, coffee, or soda?
• Do you feel tired, sleep poorly, or have low energy?

Individuals considering a detox diet should prepare by cutting down gradually on caffeinated beverages a week to 10 days before the diet, as sudden elimination of these drinks often causes headaches. Dieters should also reduce their intake of sugary foods, chocolate, alcohol, dairy products, foods high in fat, foods containing wheat or yeast, and grains containing gluten (an elastic protein found in barley and rye). Recommended foods for detox diets (except the mono diets) include fresh organic fruits and vegetables; rice (both brown and basmati rice), rice cakes, and rice pasta; other grains such as millet, quinoa, and buckwheat; beans, lentils, and dried green or yellow peas; unsalted nuts; seeds; olive oil; and herbal teas. The dieter should plan to drink at least eight glasses of filtered or other non-tap water per day on a detox diet.

At the end of a detox diet, the dieter should return gradually to a full diet, perhaps vegetable soup or steamed vegetables the first day. They should not add fruits or vegetables until the second or third day.

Raw food diets

Raw food detox diets consist of foods that have not been heated above 92° to 118°F (33° to 48°C). These diets are based on the belief that raw foods have higher nutrient value and contain enzymes that assist digestion, allowing the other enzymes in the body to regulate other biological processes. Raw food-ists also believe raw foods prevent obesity by lowering excessive food consumption, and their high fiber content helps detoxify the body by speeding up digestion and elimination.

Juice fasting

In a juice fast, the dieter is instructed to drink between 32 and 64 oz of fruit or vegetable juice per day, in addition to six glasses of warm filtered water. Although some modified juice fasts allow a small quantity of steamed vegetables, most are short-term liquid diets. Some therapists recommend one or more cups of herbal tea each day in addition to the juice and water. The juice must be fresh, obtained from organic fruits and vegetables processed through a juicer or juice extractor. Prepackaged juices cannot be used for a juice fast because they have been pasteurized. In addition, fresh juice must be consumed within a half hour of extraction; it cannot be refrigerated.

Mono diets

Mono diets are detox diets in which the dieter consumes only one food, usually apples, grapes, or some other fruit or vegetable, or one liquid, for a period of 10 to 14 days. The oldest mono diet is the so-called Miracle Grape Cure, attributed to Johanna Brandt, a woman from South Africa who claimed that eating grapes cured her of stomach cancer. In a book she published in 1928, Brandt stated that she alternated 12 hours of drinking only natural (unchlori-nated) water with 12 hours of eating only purple grapes or drinking grape juice made from purple grapes. Recent modifications of this diet recommend following Brandt’s plan to the letter for five weeks, followed by one week of a raw-food vegetarian diet.

The best-known mono diet is variously known as the Master Cleanser, lemonade diet, or maple syrup diet. Stanley Burroughs is generally credited with inventing this diet in 1941, although he did not publish it in book form until 1976. His book, which is only about fifty pages long, is still in print even though Burroughs died in 1991. The Master Cleanser involves drinking a mixture of lemon juice, cayenne pepper, and grade B maple syrup for a period of 10 to 14 days. The lemon/maple syrup drink is then followed by drinking a “saltwater flush,” which is supposed to purge toxins from the stomach and bowels. This diet was popularized in the early 2000s by a book by Peter Glickman titled Lose Weight, Have More Energy and Be Happier in 10 Days, which is a modernization of Burrough’s regimen.

Vegetarian or semivegetarian diets

Less stringent detox diets that allow some protein foods have been published; a typical example is the following diet plan for a week-long detox regimen by Elson Haas. Haas begins with general guidelines for the dieter:

• Eat slowly and chew the food well.
• Relax for a few minutes before and after each meal.
• Eat in a comfortable sitting position.
• Drink only herbal teas (peppermint, chamomile, or pau d’arco) after dinner.

The daily diet plan:

• Morning: two glasses of filtered or spring water, one glass with half a lemon squeezed into it.
• Breakfast: One piece of fresh fruit at room temperature, followed 15 to 30 minutes later by a bowl of cooked whole grains (millet, buckwheat, quinoa, brown rice, or amaranth), flavored with 2 tbl of fruit juice.
• Lunch: One or two medium bowls of steamed vegetables, using a variety of root vegetables, leafy vegetables, asparagus, cabbage, kale, or others. A maximum of 3 tsp daily of a mixture of butter and canola or olive oil can be used for seasoning.
• Dinner: Same as lunch.
• Midmorning and midafternoon: One or two cups of vegetable water saved from the steamed vegetables, with a little sea salt or kelp added.
• A small portion (3 or 4 oz) of a protein food (fish, organic chicken, lentils, black beans, or garbanzo beans) may be eaten midafternoon if the dieter feels weak or extremely hungry.

Supplemental recommendations

An important part of many detoxification diets is the use of laxatives or enemas to cleanse the lower digestive tract. The removal of wastes is considered essential to prevent toxins in the intestines from being reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Some alternative therapists recommend mixtures of slippery elm or other herbs to cleanse the colon; others prefer saltwater laxatives, enemas, or colonics for cleansing the bowel. A colonic is a procedure in which a large amount of water, sometimes as much as 20 gal (76 L), is infused into the colon through the rectum a few pints at a time. It differs from an enema in that much more fluid is used; and a colonic is infused into the colon, whereas an enema infuses water or a cleansing solution into the rectum only. Mainstream physicians do not recommend colonics on the grounds that they are unnecessary, based on a nineteenth-century misunderstanding of the process of digestion, and very often uncomfortable for the patient. In some cases they pose serious risks to health.

Some therapists recommend the use of such dietary supplements as multivitamins, vitamin C, choline and methionine, milk thistle, or a laxative tea known as Smooth Move during a detox diet. These supplements are supposed to aid liver function and decrease such side effects of detox diets as headaches and nausea.

Many advocates of detox diets suggest the use of meditation, affirmations, yoga, and other spiritual practices in order to improve the mental and emotional well-being. Others recommend undertaking the detox diet at a health spa, where such services as massage therapy, sauna baths, and whirlpool therapy or other forms of hydrotherapy are available.

Function

The primary function of detoxification diets is physical purification—removal of toxic substances from the body including the skin and respiratory system as well as the digestive tract—in order to raise energy levels; relieve such minor health complaints as poor skin, bad breath, or headaches; and improve the body’s ability to heal from various diseases. These diets are not primarily intended as weight reduction regimens.

Spiritual or religious practice

Some people undertake detoxification diets as part of a general religious or spiritual retreat. The first stage of Ayurvedic pancha karma includes extra time given to meditation and nature walks as well as gradual exclusion of stimulants and solid foods from the diet. Many people also report relief from insomnia or other symptoms of emotional stress as a side benefit of detoxification diets.

Treatment of specific illnesses

Detoxification diets are sometimes recommended for the treatment of specific diseases and disorders, most commonly arthritis, autoimmune disorders, and depression, but they have also been claimed to be an effective treatment for severe infections (including AIDS) and cancer. However, there is insufficient evidence to support such claims.

Benefits

Claimed benefits of detox diets include higher energy levels, increased mental clarity and ability to concentrate, clearer skin, improved digestion, and more restful sleep. Many of these improvements may simply be due to better hydration as such diets encourage high fluid intake. Some people also lose weight on detox diets, but emphasize that weight reduction should never be the primary purpose of following one of these regimens.

Precautions

In general, anyone considering a detoxification diet should consult a health professional beforehand. Some serious diseases, including cancer, may have minor symptoms at onset, including headaches, low back pain, and fatigue. These symptoms can easily be mis-attributed to stress or poor eating habits. Some therapists recommend requesting blood, urine, stool, and liver function tests from a physician before undergoing a detoxification diet.

Individuals who should not undertake a detoxification diet are:

• Pregnant or lactating women.
• Children.
• People with diabetes, hypothyroidism, heart disease, anorexia or bulimia nervosa, kidney or liver disease, stomach ulcers, impaired immune function, epilepsy, cancer, terminal illness, active infections, or ulcerative colitis.
• People who are underweight.
• People with alcohol or drug addictions.
• People who have recently undergone surgery or treatment for severe burns.

Prescription medications should be taken as usual during a detoxification diet. The dieter should not discontinue medications or reduce dosages without consulting a physician.

Anyone on a detoxification diet who feels faint or dizzy, develops an abnormal heart rhythm, feels nauseated or vomits, or has signs of low blood pressure, should discontinue the fast and consult their doctor at once.

Detox diets may encourage yo-yo dieting, which is detrimental to health. They should not be undertaken more than three times a year without medical supervision.

QUESTIONS TO ASK YOUR DOCTOR

• What type of detoxification diet would you recommend for me?
• What is your opinion of alternative practitioners’ explanations of the need for detoxification?
• Have any of your other patients ever tried a mono diet? If so, did they develop any health problems?

Risks

The major risks to health from detoxification diets include metabolic crises in patients with undiagnosed diabetes; flare-ups or worsening of stomach ulcers; dizziness or fainting due to sudden lowering of blood pressure; diarrhea that may result in dehydration and an imbalance of electrolytes in the body; and protein or calcium deficiencies from unsupervised long-term juice fasts. Some people develop dental erosion from raw-food detoxification diets.

Other side effects reported include headaches (often caused by sudden withdrawal from caffeine), fatigue, constipation (from extra fiber combined with inadequate water intake), acne, irritability, dysmenor-rhea (painful periods) in women, and intense hunger.

Raw-food detoxification diets increase the risk of contracting parasites or other foodborne illnesses caused by organisms normally destroyed in cooking or pasteurization. In addition, some raw vegetables, such as rhubarb leaves and stalks, buckwheat greens, kidney beans, kidney bean sprouts, and raw potatoes that have turned green are toxic, particularly if consumed in large quantities.

People on detoxification diets who undergo colonics are at risk of contracting an infection from improperly sterilized colonic equipment; of serious illness or death from electrolyte imbalances in the blood; or of serious illness or death resulting from perforation of the intestinal wall by improperly inserted equipment. Colonics can also worsen the symptoms of ulcerative colitis.

Research and general acceptance

Detoxification diets are generally dismissed as fads by such professional nutritionists’ organizations as the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and other mainstream medical groups. Most physicians point out that the human body is a remarkably efficient organism that can rid itself of toxins through normal digestion, respiration, and excretion without elaborate diets or the assistance of enemas and laxatives. In addition, some fruits and vegetables may contain more toxins than meat, fish, and other protein-rich foods usually condemned by proponents of detoxification diets. Lastly, many physicians object to the naturopathic view of the digestive tract as a source of illness or toxicity.

Resources

BOOKS

Brandt, Johanna. The Grape Cure. New York: The Order of Harmony, 1928.

Burroughs, Stanley. The Master Cleanser with Special Needs and Problems. N.p.: Burroughs Books, 1976.

Jensen, Bernard. Dr. Jensen’s Guide to Diet and Detoxification. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing, 2000.

Karas, Jim, and Carolyn Griesse. The Raw Foods Diet: The Vital Gift of Enzymes. Piscataway, NJ: New Century, 1981.

Kenton, Leslie. Leslie Kenton’s 10-day Clean-up Plan: Detoxify Your Body for Natural Health and Vitality. London: Century, 1986.

Meyerowitz, Steve. Juice Fasting and Detoxification: Use the Healing Power of Fresh Juice to Feel Young and Look Great, 6th ed. Great Barrington, MA: Sproutman Publications, 1999.

Murray, Michael, ND, and Joseph Pizzorno, ND. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, 2nd ed. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1998.

Pelletier, Kenneth R., MD. The Best Alternative Medicine, Chapter 7, “Naturopathic Medicine,” and Chapter 10, “Ayurvedic Medicine and Yoga” New York: Fireside Books, 2002.

Vasey, Christopher, ND. The Detox Mono Diet: The Miracle Grape Cure and Other Cleansing Diets. Translated from the French by Jon E. Graham. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 2006.

Wigmore, Ann. The Sprouting Book. Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing Group, 1986.

COOKBOOKS

Andrews, Sheila. The No-Cooking Fruitarian Recipe Book. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons Publishers, 1975.

Gittleman, Ann Louise. The Fat Flush Cookbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

PERIODICALS

Alexander, Jane. “Demystifying Detox.” Experience Life 6 (May 2004). [cited May 4, 2007]. <http://www.lifeti-mefitness.com/>.

Griffin, J. “Health and Fitness Series— “Popular Dietary Fads: How Should Health Professionals Respond?” Journal of Family Health Care 13 (2003): 65–67.

Haas, Elson, MD. “The Purification Process: Healing for Modern Times.” San Rafael, CA: Preventive Medical Center of Marin, 2002. [cited May 4, 2007]. <http://www.elsonhaas.com/articles/article_20.html>.

OTHER

Haas, Elson, MD. “Detoxification and the Detox Diet.” 1999. <http://www.elsonhaas.com/articles/article_01.html>.

“Scientists Dismiss Detox Schemes.” BBC News. January 3, 2006. [cited May 4, 2007]. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4576574.stm>.

ORGANIZATIONS

American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP). 4435 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 403, Washington, DC 20016. Telephone: (866) 538-2267 or (202) 237-8150. Website: <http://www.naturopathic.org>.

American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA). P.O. Box 2016, Edmonds, WA 98020. Telephone: (425) 967-0737. Website: <http://www.holisticmedicine.org>.

American Vegan Society (AVS). 56 Dinshah Lane, P.O. Box 369, Malaga, NJ 08328. Telephone: (856) 694-2887. Website: <http://www.americanvegan.org/index.htm>.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. Telephone: (888) 644-6226. Website: <http://nccam.nih.gov>.

National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine (NIAM). 584 Milltown Road, Brewster, NY 10509. Telephone: (845) 278-8700. Website: <http://niam.com>.

Rebecca J. Frey, PhD