HISTORY

This article is arranged according to the following outline (for Prehistory, see *Archaeology):

    The Patriarchs of Israel
    The Exodus and Wanderings in Sinai
    The Conquest and Settlement of Canaan
        details of settlement
        some results of settlement
    The Judges

    Samuel and Saul: The Beginnings of Israelite Monarchy
    The United Kingdom: David
    Solomon
    Division of the Kingdom: The Earliest Kings
    Asa, King of Judah, and His Descendants. The Omride Dynasty in Israel
    The Dynasty of Jehu in Israel. Athaliah and Joash, Amaziah, Uzziah, and Jotham, Kings of Judah
    The Last Days of Samaria. The Kingdom of Judah until Its Destruction

    The Source
    Methods
    Hebrew Society Prior to the Rise of Israel in Canaan
    The Pre-Monarchic Period
    Tribal and Sub-Tribal Units
    Institutions
    Social Changes
    Urbanization
    Changes in the Tribal System
    The Monarchy and the Tribal System
    National Class Structure
    Landowning Class
    Merchant Class
    Artisan Class
    Marginal Elements
    Slaves

    The Restoration
    Ezra
        dissolution of mixed marriages
        fortification of jerusalem
    Nehemiah
        rebuilding of the wall of jerusalem
        religious instruction and dedication of the temple

    Ptolemaic Rule
    Seleucid Rule
    The Hasmonean Revolt
    Independent Judea
    Hasmonean Rule
        the roman province
    Herod's Rule
    Under the Procurators
    The Revolt (the First Roman War)

    Introduction
    The Revolts Against Trajan
    The Bar Kokhba War
    The Roman Empire – Antoninus Pius to Constantine
    The Babylonian Diaspora

    Reshaping of Forces and Circumstances
        christian political pressure and propaganda
        internal cultural and social activities
        yemen
        redaction of the jerusalem and babylonian talmuds
        appearance of islam
        trends in christian policy toward the jews
        settlement in western europe
        the jewish revolt in ere? israel

    Formative Times (7^th to 11^th Centuries)
        under islam
        intensification of christian attitudes
        the first crusade
        redisposition of jewish leadership structure
        cultural and spiritual life
        the khazar kingdom
        diversification in leadership structure and cultural trends
    The Crystallization of Jewish Medieval Culture (12^th-15^th Centuries)
        effects of the crusades
        in christian spain
        economic and social patterns north of the pyrenees
        expulsions and the black death
        serfs of the chamber
        the deterioration in christian spain
        disappearance of geonic hierarchy
        communal life in christian spain
        leadership north of the pyrenees
        cultural creativity
        in poland-lithuania
        ideals in education and scholarship
        christian attacks on the talmud
        wave of expulsions
        reciprocal sephardi and ashkenazi influences
    Transition to Modern Times (16^th–17^th Centuries)
        reorganization of sephardi jewry
        economic activities
        communal organizations in europe
        safed mysticism
        approaches to education
        political and ideological thought
        social confrontations
        attempts at political action
        formulation of policies and aims
        stirrings of religious toleration

    Introduction
    Dawn of the Enlightenment
    Influence of Mercantilist Absolutism on Jewish Status
    Enlightened Absolutism and the "Betterment of the Jews"
    Arguments for Toleration
    Moses Mendelssohn
    Egalitarianism and Emancipation in the U.S.
    The French Revolution
    Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Sanhedrin
    The Congress of Vienna and Romantic Reaction in Germany
    Emancipation in Germany and England
    Period of the Polish Partitions
    Incorporation into Russia
    Economic and Social Developments in Western and Central Europe after Emancipation
    Migration Trends from the End of the 18^th Century
    The East European Shtetl
    Divergences in Jewish Society in the West and East of Europe
    Population Growth
    Radical Trends in Eastern Europe
    Communal Organization
    Religious and Cultural Differentiation
    Organization of Mutual Assistance on an International Scale
    Trends in Religious Reform
    Modern Manifestations of Anti-Jewish Prejudice
    Awakening Nationalism
    Jewish Life in Ere? Israel
    Summary

    Introduction
    Effects of Anti-Jewish Discrimination in Russia
    Pogroms and Mass Emigration
    German Jewry
    Racism and Antisemitism
    The Economic Crisis of the Early 1930s
    In Soviet Russia after 1917
    New Types of Social Organization
    Contribution to General Culture
    The National Renaissance and Zionism
    World War i and Its Aftermath
    The Yishuv in Ere? Israel
    Hebrew and Yiddish World War ii and the Holocaust
    Rescue of the Remnant
    Prelude to Independence
    Establishment of the State of Israel
    World Jewry in 1970
    Into the Millenium