Tony Kushner

Personal

Born July 16, 1956, in New York, NY. Education: Columbia University, B.A., 1978; New York University, M.F.A., 1984.

Addresses

Office—Walter Kerr Theatre, 225 West 48th St., New York, NY 10036. Agent—Joyce Ketay Agency, 1501 Broadway, Ste. 1908, New York, NY 10036.

Career

United Nations Plaza Hotel, New York, NY, switchboard operator, 1979-85; St. Louis Repertory Theatre, St. Louis, MO, assistant director, 1985-86; New York Theatre Workshop, artistic director, 1987-88; Theatre Communication Group, New York, NY, director of literary services, 1990-91; Juilliard School of Drama, New York, NY, playwright-in-residence, 1990-92. Guest artist at New York University Graduate Theatre Program, Yale University, and Princeton University, beginning 1989.

Member

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP).

Awards, Honors

Directing fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts, 1985, 1987, and 1993; Princess Grace Award, 1986; playwriting fellowship, New York State Council for the Arts, 1987; John Whiting Award, Arts Council of Great Britain, 1990; Kennedy Center/American Express Fund for New American Plays Award, 1990 and 1992; Kesserling Award, National Arts Club, 1992; Will Glickman playwriting prize, 1992; London Evening Standard Award, 1992; Pulitzer Prize for drama, Antoinette Perry ("Tony") Award for best play, and New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best New Play, all 1993, all for Millennium Approaches; American Academy of Arts and Letters Award, 1994; Tony Award for best play, 1994, for Perestroika; Lambda Literary Award for Drama, 1994, for Angels in America; Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian and Gay Drama, 1996, for Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness: Essays, a Play, Two Poems, and a Prayer; Village Voice Off-Broadway ("Obie") Award, 2002, for Homebody/Kabul; Lucille Lortel Award, and Obie Award, both 2004, both for Caroline, or Change; Humanitas Prize, and Emmy Award, both 2004, both for television mini-series Angels in America.

Writings

PLAYS

Yes, Yes, No, No (juvenile; produced in St. Louis, MO, 1985), published in Plays in Process, 1987.

Stella (adapted from the play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe), produced in New York, NY, 1987.

A Bright Room Called Day (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987), Broadway Play Publishing, 1991.

Hydriotaphia, produced in New York, NY, 1987.

The Illusion (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play "L'Illusion comique"; produced in New York, NY, 1988, revised version produced in Hartford, CT, 1990), Broadway Play Publishing, 1991.

(With Ariel Dorfman) Widows (adapted from Dorfman's book), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes: Part One: Millennium Approaches (produced in San Francisco, 1991), National Theatre/Nick Hern (London, England), 1992, Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1993.

Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, Part Two: Perestroika (produced in New York, NY, 1992), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

Plays by Tony Kushner (contains A Bright Room Called Day and The Illusion), Broadway Play Publishing (New York, NY), 1992, expanded edition published as Plays by Tony Kushner (contains A Bright Room Called Day, The Illusion, and Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness), 1999.

A Bright Room Called Day, Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television mini-series on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness, Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

A Dybbuk; or, Between Two Worlds (adapted from Joachim Neugroschel's translation of the original play by S. Ansky; produced in New York, NY, at Joseph Papp Public Theater, 1997), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1997.

The Good Person of Szechuan (adapted from the original play by Bertolt Brecht), Arcade, 1997.

(With Eric Bogosian and others) Love's Fire: Seven New Plays Inspired by Seven Shakespearean Sonnets, Morrow (New York, NY), 1998.

Henry Box Brown; or, The Mirror of Slavery, produced at Royal National Theatre, London, 1998.

A Dybbuk; and, The Dybbuk Melody and Other Themes and Variations (adapted from Solomon Ansky 's play), translation by Joachim Neugroschel, Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1998.

Homebody/Kabul (produced in New York, NY, 2001), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 2002.

Caroline, or Change (musical), first produced in New York, NY, at Joseph Papp Public Theater, 2002; produced on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theater, 2004.

Death and Taxes: Hydriotaphia and Other Plays (contains Hydriotaphia; or, The Death of Dr. Browne, Reverse Transcription, Terminating; or, Sonnet LXXV, or, Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or, Ambivalence, East Coast Ode to Howard Jarvis, and David Schine in Hell), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 2000.

Brundibar, illustrated by Maurice Sendak, Michael di Capua/Hyperion Books for Children (New York, NY), 2002.

Only We Who Guard the Mystery Shall Be Unhappy, produced in New York, NY, at the American Airlines Theater, 2004.

OTHER

Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness: Essays, A Play, Two Poems, and a Prayer, Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

Tony Kushner in Conversation, edited by Robert Vorlicky, University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor, MI), 1997.

(Editor with Alisa Solomon) Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Grove Press (New York, NY), 2003.

Save Your Democratic Citizen Soul!: Rants, Screeds, and Other Public Utterances for Midnight in the Republic, New Press (New York, NY), 2005.

Contributor to periodicals, including New York Times, Times Literary Supplement, Theater, Civilization, Kenyon Review, Premiere, American Theatre, and Nation.

Sidelights

Playwright Tony Kushner took the theater world by storm in the early 1990s with his epic drama, Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. A seven-hour play divided into the two parts, Millennium Approaches and Perestroika, Angels in America explores in uncompromising terms what it was like to be gay and affected by AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) during the 1980s and 1990s. Despite its grim subject matter, the play has proved quite popular with mainstream audiences from Broadway to Los Angeles and London. It has also won great acclaim from drama critics, garnering both the Pulitzer Prize for drama and two Antoinette Perry, "Tony," awards for best play in 1993 and 1994. Kushner, according to Robert Brustein in the New Republic, is "one of the very few dramatists now writing whose works are contributions to literature as well as to theater."

A Louisiana Childhood

Kushner was born in New York City in 1956, but his parents, who were classical musicians, moved to Lake Charles, Louisiana, shortly after his birth. There, in what Kushner later called a "lush, hot, racist, sexist, homophobic, antisemitic backwater," he spent his formidable years, as he recalled in an interview published in Vogue magazine. "I remember being unhappy a lot," Kushner added. "A good childhood for a playwright. I've known I was different since I was five, and that I was gay since I was nine or ten and dreamed about cross-dressing. I wanted to be Mary Poppins, and I had terrible dreams of being found out and beaten up." The playwright told Richard Stayton in the Los Angeles Times: "I knew that I felt slightly different than most of the boys I was growing up with. By the time I was eleven there was no doubt. But I was completely in the closet."

Despite these dark corners of his childhood, Kushner enjoyed a relatively supportive relationship with his mother and father. His parents encouraged Kushner and his siblings to explore literature and the arts; the children were given a dollar whenever they had memorized a poem to recite. His mother was also an actress, and while in grade school, Tony watched his mother play Linda Loman in the Lake Charles Little Theater's production of Death of a Salesman. Kushner confided to Susan Cheever in the New York Times that "that's the major reason I went into the theater. I saw some of her performances when I was four or five years old and they were so powerful. I had vivid dreams afterwards."

Meanwhile, Bill Kushner nurtured his son's literary awareness. "The reason I'm a writer is because of my father, who ran the family lumber business and was a music teacher and conductor," Kushner explained in his interview with Vogue. "He used to read poems to us—a lot of Keats and Robert Burns—and encouraged us to memorize them." However, when issues of Tony's uncertain masculinity arose, Bill Kushner was unyielding. It pained him, as Arthur Lubow of the New Yorker later wrote, "that his son was a 'sissy,' teased by other little boys. He made a point of taking him to play ball and to exercise. When Tony reached puberty, he lectured him on the role of sexual reproduction in the natural order. . . . His father counseled him not to surrender to homosexuality."

As a teenager Kushner took his father's advice to heart. He was a precocious, political-minded high school student, a member of the debate team, and sometimes civil-rights protester, but he kept his sexuality tightly closeted. "There was probably an unconscious strategy to be known as the school radical so I wouldn't be known as the school sissy," Kushner admitted in Vogue. "I also tried to have sex with various girlfriends, as part of my program for becoming heterosexual."

Comes Out of the Closet

Kushner was still searching for his sexual identity when he enrolled in the program in medieval studies at Columbia University, and as part of his ongoing plan to "become" a heterosexual, he sought help from a "straight" analyst. When that failed to change his perspective, he accepted his sexual orientation and began working with a gay therapist. Finally, from a pay phone in New York City's East Village, the twenty-four year old called his parents and announced, "I think you know this, but you've denied it for years: I'm gay. I can't hide anymore, and I'm not going to do that for you. It's an either/or proposition. I cannot maintain a closeted identity. If you love me, you have to love all of me, including the part of me that I consider to be the most important part, which is the way that I choose to give and receive love. And if you can't accept that, we won't have anything to say to one another."

Kushner eased himself slowly into the life of a gay man, in part because he felt—and for years continued to feel—uneasy in the gay community. "I feel outside just by temperament and nerdishness," he told New Yorker contributor John Lahr. "I tend to be sort of quiet and shy and awkward in social situations. I didn't have sex with a man until I was

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twenty-one, and wasn't really out until I was twenty-four or twenty-five. I don't dance. There are issues of weight[—Kushner has been called a 'nervous' eater—]and attractiveness. And my closest relationship is with a heterosexual woman."

Kushner's career as a playwright evolved with that platonic relationship; his dearest friend, the heterosexual woman, is Kimberly Flynn. A New Orleans native, Flynn met Kushner while they were both undergraduates at Columbia University. When his work later attracted publicity, Kushner unfailingly noted in interview after interview that Flynn was the most important intellectual influence in his life. The friendship between Kushner and Flynn tightened after they graduated from Columbia. Kushner went on to study theater directing at New York University—he pursued directing at the time because he was afraid to write—and supported himself working as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel. There, he met one of his early lovers, Mark Bronnenberg, and began writing and directing plays. One of his first pieces, La fin de la Baleine: An Opera for the Apocalypse, was shaped, in part, by Flynn's ideas on sadomasochism and environmental destruction. Unfortunately, as Lahr noted: "Though the ideas came mainly from Flynn, Kushner created most of the images and got all of the official credit, provoking bitterness and guilt between them."

The guilt and bitterness resulting from the production of La fin de la Baleine was only a precursor to the tempestuous storm that followed. One rainy morning in 1984, Flynn climbed into a taxi. As it was speeding up New York's West Side Highway, the driver lost control of the car and crashed into a tree. The accident left Flynn brain damaged, robbing her of her extraordinary intellect and insight. "I want you to understand how unexpected, how rude it was that this happened," Flynn herself told a writer for the New Yorker years after the accident. "You go and put all your eggs in the brain basket, and they're all smashed up. I was [a graduate student] in the clinical-psych program, and I couldn't read. I felt like I had a brick tied to my tongue. It's like it's not your own body anymore; some demon has taken control of it." Flynn's accident profoundly influenced Kushner and gave him the material which eventually led him to write Angels in America.

Kushner's early plays did not focus on gay themes. A Bright Room Called Day, perhaps the best known of his pre-Angels works, concerns a group of liberal-minded acquaintances in the Weimar Republic of Germany, just before the establishment of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime. M. Elizabeth Osborn described the plot in Contemporary Dramatists: A "circle of friends disintegrates under the pressures of Hitler's rise to power, one after another forced into hiding or exile until just one woman, Agnes, is left cowering in her apartment." This main story is entwined, however, with the commentary of Zillah Katz, a contemporary young American woman, who draws parallels—sometimes extreme—between Hitler's regime and the administrations of U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Sr. Osborn quoted Kushner as explaining that he continues to rewrite Zillah's lines because he "will cheerfully supply new material, drawing appropriate parallels between contemporary and historical monsters and their monstrous acts, regardless of how superficially outrageous such comparisons may seem. To refuse to compare is to rob history of its power to inform present action."

When A Bright Room Called Day was performed in New York City in 1991, it received less-than-enthusiastic reviews. A somewhat neutral Gerald Weales, writing in Commonweal, labeled it "ambitious," but observed that it is "a more despairing play than it probably is intended to be." Less ambiguous was the response of Frank Rich in the New York Times, who took exception to Kushner's linking of Nazi Germany with the United States during the 1980s. "Is the time ever right for a political work in which the National Socialism of the Third Reich is trivialized by being equated with the 'national senility' of the Reagan era?" he demanded. Rich also called the work "fatuous" and "an early front-runner for the most infuriating play of 1991." A Bright Room Called Day did, however, impress Oskar Eustis, then artistic director of the Eureka Theater in San Francisco, California. Eustis commissioned Kushner to write a comic play for his theater. This was the play that would become Angels in America, though the Eureka was no longer in existence by the time the entire play was ready for production.

Writes Angels in America

Though Angels in America is filled with many different characters, it is meant to be performed by eight persons who each play several roles. In the play's first part, Millennium Approaches, the story focuses on two couples—two gay men named Louis and Prior dealing with Prior's AIDS, and Harper and Joe, a nominally straight couple—although the married Mormon man, Joe, is trying to suppress his secret homosexuality. Also central to the play is lawyer Roy Cohn, a character based on the attorney who helped Senator Joseph McCarthy investigate suspected communists during the 1950s. Cohn also persecuted gays, although he himself was a closet homosexual who eventually died of AIDS. The play's Cohn, whom Joe works for, is true to the somewhat rapacious image of the historical figure. Lloyd Rose explained in the Washington Post that "Cohn is clearly meant to be the Devil of the piece: the man who lies to himself, who abuses his power, who has sacrificed his moral self for success. Yet the play jolts with energy whenever he's onstage, because his self-hatred turns splendidly and splenetically outward. . . . Cohn rages against the definitions society would force on him. He destroys his own soul in satanic spite, and he goes down raging and in flames." In one scene, for example, after his doctor has told him that he has AIDS, Cohn declaims against labels: "They tell you one thing and one thing only: where does an individual so identified fit in the food chain, in the pecking order? Not ideology, or sexual taste, but something much simpler: clout. . . . Now to someone who does not understand
this, homosexual is what I am because I have sex with men. But really this is wrong. Homosexuals are not men who sleep with other men. Homosexuals are men who in fifteen years of trying cannot get a pissant antidiscrimination bill through City Council. Homosexuals are men who know nobody and who nobody knows. Who have zero clout. Does this sound like me, Henry?"

While Millennium Approaches served as "a political call to arms for the age of AIDS," as Rich noted in the New York Times, the reviewer added that "it is no polemic." Critics of the play in its various performances greeted it with high praise. Rich himself first reviewed the London staging of Angels in America's first part, and at that time hailed it in the New York Times as "a searching and radical rethinking of the whole esthetic of American political drama in which far-flung hallucinations, explicit sexual encounters and camp humor are given as much weight as erudite ideological argument." John Lahr in the New Yorker noted that Kushner, "with immense good humor and accessible characters . . . honors the gay community by telling a story that sets its concerns in the larger historical context of American political life."

Millennium Approaches takes its name from the sense of apocalypse the character Prior feels while dealing with his deadly disease. At the end, an angel descends dramatically to visit him, and he is declared a prophet, temporarily, at least, saved from death by AIDS. By contrast, the second part of Angels, Perestroika, is a somewhat quieter piece, getting its title from the Russian word ex-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev used for his proposals for "restructuring" Soviet economic and social policies away from repression and toward a free society. As Lahr reported, Perestroika "is the messier but more interesting of the two plays, skillfully steering its characters from the sins of separation in the eighties to a new sense of community in the embattled nineties." In Perestroika, the glorious being that visited Prior at the end of the first part turns out to represent stasis or death, and Prior decides to reject it. Cohn dies, but this does not prevent his ghost from reappearing later in the play—in the role of God's lawyer, no less. The comedy of Millennium continues; in Perestroika, according to Lahr, "Kushner uses laughter carefully, to deflate the maudlin and to build a complex tapestry of ironic emotion." Lahr concluded that Kushner's work is "a victory . . . for the transforming power of the imagination to turn devastation into beauty."

In 1995 Kushner wrote and produced what he has termed a "coda" to Angels in America: Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness, which Christopher Hawthorne of Salon.com called "a compact, quirky exploration of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ruin, both philosophical and environmental, left in its wake." Slavs! resembles the Angels in America plays because, according to Kushner in an interview with Andrea Bernstein of Mother Jones, the play proceeds from the problem that if you do not know where you are heading, it is difficult to move or make choices. In Slavs! the character Prelapsarianov, "the world's oldest living Bolshevik," asks, "How are we to proceed without theory? Is it enough to reject the past, is it wise to move forward in this blind fashion? . . . You who live in this sour little age cannot imagine the sheer grandeur of the prospect we gazed upon." Slavs!, Kushner told Bernstein, answers the conundrum of whether we make history or are made by history by arguing that socialists need to stop looking to the past for an appropriate antecedent upon which to model the present revolutionary response. Kushner also remarked that in the United States it is easier to come out as a gay man than it is as a socialist. Reviews of Slavs! were somewhat lukewarm, and Kushner suspects it is because "people have been promised over and over by the media . . . that we don't have to think about these issues" anymore.

Adapts Yiddish Play for Contemporary Stage

Continuing Kushner's examination of how the past informs present choices and shapes decisions people make about the future is his play A Dybbuk; or, Between Two Worlds, an adaptation of S. Ansky's 1920 Yiddish play. A Dybbuk concerns the marriage of a young woman, Leah, the daughter of a wealthy man who has broken off negotiations with three prospective husbands because he is displeased with the financial terms of the engagements. A poor Yeshiva student loves Leah, and she secretly returns his passion. When the father announces that he has finally settled on an appropriate husband for Leah, the student, Khonen, turns to dark spiritual forces to prevent the marriage. Khonen returns as a dybbuk, a spirit that takes possession of Leah's body. When the father consults a Hassidic rabbi for assistance, he finds himself under judgment. It seems that long ago the father promised Leah to Khonen, but greed for a wealthy match has since blinded him to Leah's fate. In the end, he pays for his transgression by donating half his wealth to the poor. Commenting on the play in Variety, Charles Isherwood suggested that its central truth "is the idea that even the smallest, most unintended immoral act can have profound social and even metaphysical consequences."

Writing in New York magazine, John Simon observed that in Kushner's updated version of A Dybbuk "S. Ansky's old chestnut . . . comes funnily, furiously, crochetily alive, as it links the two worlds of the living and the dead, the musty past and the lively present." Isherwood further commented that "the strange flavor of the play defies easy description," but overall he commended the closing speech and the ways in which the play finds connections with the evil of the Holocaust. Ben Brantley of the New York Times noted that there are "lovely touches" throughout the production, "not least the hauntingly atmospheric music of the Klezmatics." Brantley lamented the play's "analytical detachment," but found that "Kushner and Neugroschel have imbued much of their adaptation's language with an exquisite sense of poetry."

Homebody/Kabul, Kushner's play about Afghanistan, opens with an hour-long monologue by a British homemaker—the Homebody—on the meaning of life, the universe, and everything in it, and the remaining two hours and forty minutes are taken up with a murder committed in the Afghan city of Kabul. The first hour, in which the woman reveals her empty marriage and encounter with an Afghan shopkeeper, is sometimes performed by itself. As James Reston, Jr. wrote in American Theatre, "the Homebody's confrontation with the terrible emptiness of her life leads to her disappearance. The playwright has her act on her romance, even if it means going to an unimaginably awful place, where she can take on the burqua, submit to a husband as his second or third wife, devote herself, unthinking like a teenager in a madrassa, to committing the entire Koran to memory. She acts on romance, and she sticks to it. She has rejected the values of her home, of her life, of her society, of the West. In the act is the whiff of metaphysical treason." Toby Young reviewed the play for the Spectator, and noted that the central focus "is the clash between the militant fundamentalism of the East and the moribund humanism of the West, yet it also touches on other, equally big subjects, such as the limits of scientific knowledge and the roles played by language and history in exacerbating international conflicts." Robert Brustein wrote in the New Republic that the play opened in December of 2000, prior to the attack on the World Trade Center of September 11, 2001; the changes wrought by the attack left the play "crying out for revision," according to the critic. Brustein also noted that although the play is set in 1998, "it is now impossible to imagine these Western characters circulating among the Taliban without thinking of abductions, corpses, bomb craters, detention camps, and . . . terrorist attacks."

In 2004 Kushner 's musical Caroline, or Change opened on Broadway. Set in 1963 Louisiana and examining the tensions between a liberal Jewish family that supports civil rights and the Southern black the family employs, the play addresses the societal changes of the era. Caroline Thibodeaux, an African American, works as a maid for Rose Stopnick, a woman who is estranged from her husband and stepson. The two women are "emotionally isolated but interdependent characters, yoked together by economic necessity," as Charles Isherwood described them in Variety. When the stepson, lonely eight-year-old Noah, tries to develop a friendship with the indifferent Caroline, and encourages her to keep whatever pocket change she may find in his clothes when doing the laundry, it leads to a misunderstanding that makes the household's relationships increasingly strained. Isherwood concluded that Caroline, or Change is not only "acute in its analysis of a complicated social ecosystem, it is smart and often witty, too, in its observation of the wary, rarely explored interaction between liberal Jewish culture of the 1960s and the black culture of the South." Richard Zoglin commented in Time that "at a time when musicals seem to be groping for ways to move beyond campy Broadway fluff without boring an audience to tears, Caroline is a breakthrough." The play went on to win Kushner a Village Voice Off-Broadway Award and the Lucille Lortel Award.

Success has not dulled Kushner's sense of self-loathing, "a profound feeling of fraudulence, of being detestable and evil," as he once described it in the New Yorker. He has also characterized the feeling as a rage at injustice, a rage he experienced as a gay young man and, more recently, at the senseless tragedies he has viewed around him. "My anger may be oedipal—-mommy and daddy issues—-but it's politically, and dramaturgically, useful," he remarked in Vogue. "Anger at authority is connected to anger at injustice, and that anger is what we're heir to in a world as unfair as this. I try to remember the distinction [German playwright Bertolt] Brecht makes between reactionary anger, which is short, and revolutionary anger, which is long. That's why I need—-and I've been trying, ever since my mother died—-I need to learn how to pray."

If you enjoy the works of Tony Kushner

If you enjoy the works of Tony Kushner, you may also want to check out the following:

The plays of Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), Tennessee Williams (1911-1983), Larry Kramer (1935-), and John Guare (1938-).

Biographical and Critical Sources

BOOKS

American Writers, Supplement IX, Scribner (New York, NY), 2001.

Brask, Per, editor, Essays on Kushner's Angels, Blizzard Publishing (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada), 1995.

Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia, Holt (New York, NY), 1998.

Contemporary American Dramatists, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1994.

Contemporary Dramatists, 6th edition, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1999.

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 81, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1994.

Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Gale (Detroit, MI), 2000.

Drama Criticism, Volume 10, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1999.

Drama for Students, Volume 5, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1999.

Fisher, James, The Theater of Tony Kushner, Routledge, 2001.

Frantzen, Allen J., Before the Closet: Same-Sex Love from "Beowolf" to "Angels in America," University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL), 1998.

Gay and Lesbian Literature, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1994.

Geis, Deborah R., and Steven F. Kruger, Approaching the Millennium: Essays on "Angels in America," University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor, MI), 1997.

Reference Guide to American Literature, 4th edition, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 2000.

Savran, David, Speaking on Stage: Interviews with Contemporary American Playwrights, University of Alabama Press (Tuscaloosa, AL), 1996.

Vorlicky, Robert, editor, Tony Kushner in Conversation, University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor, MI), 1997.

PERIODICALS

Advocate, November 17, 1992; December 14, 1993; December 28, 1993; February 5, 2002, Don Shewey, review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 49.

America, May 29, 1993; March 5, 1994, p. 12.

American Theatre, April, 1999, "Tony Kushner in Conversation," p. 45; September, 2000, Irene Oppenheim, "Shedding More Light on Bright Room," p. 75; March, 2002, James Reston, Jr., review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 28; December, 2003, "The Angels Decade: 22 Interviews," p. 32.

Back Stage, January 28, 1994, Irene Backalenick, review of The Illusion, p. 60; January 11, 2002, David A. Rosenberg, review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 43; December 5, 2003, Irene Backalenick, review of Caroline, or Change, p. 56.

Back Stage West, September 21, 2001, John Angell Grant, review of The Illusion, p. 24.

Booklist, September 1, 1993; April 15, 1994; January, 1, 1995, review of A Bright Room Called Day, p. 795; April 1, 1995, p. 1372; July, 1998, Ray Olson, review of A Dybbuk, pp. 1851-1874.

Chicago, September, 1994, p. 37.

Chicago Tribune, May 5, 1993.

Choice, September, 1994, review of Angels in America, p. 198.

Chronicle of Higher Education, September 14, 1994, review of Millennium Approaches, p. A63.

Commentary, January, 1995, p. 51.

Commonweal, February 22, 1991, p. 132; July 16, 1993.

Daily Variety, August 27, 2002, Robert L. Daniels, review of The Illusion, p. 12.

Detroit News, June 1, 1993, p. D3.

Economist, February 22, 1992; December 4, 1993.

Entertainment Weekly, November 26, 1993.

Europe Intelligence Wire, October 14, 2002, review of Angels in America.

Interview, February, 1994, Mark Marvel, "A Conversation with Tony Kushner."

Lambda Book Report, May, 1994, review of Angels in America, p. 24; January, 1995, review of A Bright Room Called Day, p. 47.

Library Journal, July, 1994, review of Angels in America, p. 94; January, 1998, "Tony Kushner in Conversation," p. 101; September 15, 1999, review of Refugees in an Age of Genocide, p. 99.

London Review of Books, August 18, 1994, review of The Jewish Heritage in British History, p. 23.

Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1990, Richard Stayton, "An Epic Look at Reagan-Era Morality," pp. 45-46, 48; May 6, 1993, pp. F1, F7; December 24, 1995, review of Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness, p. 11.

Los Angeles Times Book Review, April 24, 1994, review of Angels in America, p. 12.

Mother Jones, July-August, 1995, Andrea Bernstein, interview with Kushner, p. 59.

Nation, March 18, 1991; February 22, 1993; July 4, 1994; February 6, 1995, p. 177.

National Review, June 7, 1993; January 24, 1994, p. 71.

New Leader, June 14, 1993; December 13, 1993.

New Republic, May 24, 1993, Robert Brustein, "Angles in America," pp. 29-31; June 14, 1993; December 27, 1993, p. 25; January 30, 1995, p. 30; March 18, 2002, Robert Brustein, review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 27.

Newsweek, May 10, 1993; May 17, 1993; December 6, 1993, p. 83; June 27, 1994, p. 46; December 17, 2001, Marc Peyser, review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 68.

New York, January 21, 1991; April 12, 1993; May 17, 1993; December 6, 1993, p. 130; April 4, 1994, p. 74; January 31, 1994, p. 69; December 1, 1997, p. 110.

New Yorker, November 23, 1992, John Lahr, "Beyond Nelly," pp. 126-130; November 30, 1992, Arthur Lubow, "Tony Kushner's Paradise Lost," pp. 59-61; May 31, 1993; June 21, 1993; December 13, 1993, p. 129; January 9, 1995, p. 85; December 8, 2003, John Lahr, review of Caroline, or Change, p. 123.

New York Times, January 18, 1990; January 8, 1991, pp. C11, C14; March 5, 1992, Frank Rich, "The Reaganite Ethos with Roy Cohn as a Dark Metaphor," pp. C1, C21; September 13, 1992, Susan Cheever, "An Angel Sat down at His Table," p. 7; November 10, 1992, Frank Rich, "Marching out of the Closet into History," p. C15; April 14, 1993, p. B6; May 5, 1993; June 7, 1993; November 21, 1993; December 4, 1994; November 17, 1997, p. B2, B5; November 23, 1997, p. AR20; March 1, 1998.

New York Times Magazine, April 25, 1993, Bruce Weber, "Angels' Angels," pp. 29-30, 48, 56.

People, December 15, 2003, Terry Kelleher, review of Angels in America (television mini-series), p. 35.

Progressive, October, 1994, Bob Blanchard, "Playwright of Pain and Hope," pp. 42-44.

Publishers Weekly, June 26, 1995, review of Slavs!, p. 105.

Spectator, June 1, 2002, Toby Young, review of Homebody/Kabul, p. 48.

Theatre Week, December 20-26, 1993, Gerard Raymond, "Q and A with Tony Kushner," pp. 14-20.

Time, November 23, 1992; May 17, 1993; December 6, 1993; December 22, 2003, Richard Zoglin, review of Caroline, or Change, p. 123.

Translation Review Supplement, December, 1999, review of A Dybbuk, p. 35.

Vanity Fair, March, 1993, Christopher Hitchens, "Angels over Broadway," pp. 72-76.

Variety, January 17, 1990; January 14, 1991; July 29, 1991; August 12, 1991; November 16, 1992; May 10, 1993; December 6, 1993; January 24, 1994; May 9, 1994; August 8, 1994; October 17, 1994; October 31, 1994; December 19, 1994, p. 86; February 27, 1995, p. 83; March 6, 1995, p. 71; November 18, 1997; September 2, 2002, Robert L. Daniels, review of The Illusion, p. 33; May 10, 2004, Charles Isherwood, review of Caroline, or Change, p. 54.

Village Voice, December 7, 1993; April 18, 1995.

Vogue, November, 1992.

Wall Street Journal, November 26, 1997, p. A12.

Washington Post, November 7, 1992, pp. G1, G4; May 5, 1993, B1, B10.

World Literature Today, winter, 1995, review of Angels in America, p. 144; summer, 1996, review of Slavs!, p. 695.

ONLINE

GayWorld.com,http://www.gayworld.com/ (October 13, 2004), interview with Kushner.

Metro Active.com,http://www.metroactive.com/ (February 11, 2003), "Earth Angel: Tony Kushner Speaks on Art and Politics."

Salon.com,http://www.salon.com/ (September, 1997), Christopher Hawthorne, review of Slavs!; (August 6, 2004) Christopher Hawthorne, "Tony Kushner: Coming out as a Socialist."

Steven Barclay Agency,http://www.barclayagency.com/ (February 11, 2003), "Tony Kushner."*