Laterite
Laterite
Laterite is a type of soil produced by intense, prolonged weathering, usually in tropical climates. Abundant oxygen , water , and warmth leach most water-soluble minerals from particles of parent rock and leave a nonsoluble residue enriched in hydroxides of aluminum , iron , magnesium, nickel, and titanium. Laterites high in specific metals are often stripmined as ores.
Laterite rich in aluminum are termed aluminous laterite or bauxite. Aluminous laterite is formed from clay minerals such as kaolinite (Al4[Si4O10][OH]8) by the leaching of silica (SiO2). The residue left by the leaching of silica, aluminum hydroxide (Al[OH]3), is termed gibbsite. Gibbsite's dehydrated forms, diaspore and bohemite (both HAlO2), are also common components of aluminous laterite. Aluminous laterite is the world's primary source of aluminum.
Laterite descended from basalt is rich in iron and nickel and is termed ferruginous laterite. Laterite formed from rocks particularly rich in nickel may contain a high percentage of the mineral garnierite ([NiMg]6Si4O10[OH]8). A continuum of mixed laterites exists between the aluminous and ferruginous extremes. Nickeliferous laterites are an important commercial source of nickel.
See also Soil and soil horizons; Weathering and weathering series
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laterite
Bibliography
Geographical Review, xxxi (1941), 177–202;
W. Papworth (1852)
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laterite
lat·er·ite / ˈlatəˌrīt/ • n. a reddish clayey material, hard when dry, forming a topsoil in some tropical or subtropical regions and sometimes used for building. ∎ Geol. a clayey soil horizon rich in iron and aluminum oxides, formed by weathering of igneous rocks in moist warm climates. DERIVATIVES: lat·er·it·ic / ˌlatəˈritik/ adj.
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