Licorice

Background

Licorice is a glossy, gelled candy with a semi-firm consistency that is flavored with licorice root extract. Typically, it is a moderately sweet candy, and is available in a variety of flavors such as black licorice, strawberry, cherry and chocolate. Currently, it is touted as a healthier snack food because it contains almost no fat per serving. It is made in a continuous process, which involves mixing and cooking, forming the candy, cutting it, and putting it in packaging. Licorice represents one of the oldest forms of candy with evidence suggesting it was made as early as the thirteenth century. It continues to be a popular product today making up a significant portion of the over $13 billion, annual non-chocolate candy market. It is anticipated that licorice manufacturers will try to increase yearly sales primarily by increasing the speed at which they can produce the candy.

History

Using sugar-refining techniques, Arabs first produced various types of lozenges for pharmaceutical applications. One type of lozenge was flavored with licorice, which is a native plant of the Mediterranean area. The Arab peoples believed that the licorice root had important medicinal uses. Evidence of this crude predecessor to the contemporary licorice candy suggests that licorice is one of the oldest types of candy known.

During the thirteenth century, licorice root extract was widely used as a medicine for coughs, sore throats, and congestion. It is likely that merchants who sold this medicine combined it with honey to produce the first true licorice candies. Later, when sugar was more readily available, it was used instead of honey. In the late Middle Ages, licorice pastilles, which were cast in rough molds were widely known. Extruded licorice candy is thought to have originated in Holland at the start of the seventeenth century. It became one of the standard confection products for candy producers when the candy industry developed in the mid-1800s.

Raw Materials

Experienced chemists and candy technologists develop licorice candy recipes. By using their knowledge of ingredient characteristics and production processes, they can create a variety of licorice candy types. The ingredients in these recipes are specifically chosen to provide desired characteristics such as texture, taste, and appearance. They are typically mixed together in water to create a homogenous blend, and then much of the water is evaporated off to produce a solid product. The primary ingredients include sweeteners and wheat flour. Other ingredients such as starches, preservatives, colorants, and flavorings are also important.

Sweeteners

Since licorice is a sweet candy, sweetening ingredients make up much of their composition. Sugar and corn syrup are two primary sweeteners. Sugar is sucrose, which is derived from beet and cane sugars. It is supplied as small, white crystals, which readily dissolve in water. Since sugar is not critical to the texture of the licorice, it can be less refined, reducing the cost of the licorice recipe. Corn syrup is typically used in combination with sugar in licorice candy. It is a modified form of starch, and like sugar, it provides sweetness to the licorice. It also inhibits sugar crystallization, helps control moisture retention and limits microbial spoilage. Beyond sugar and corn syrup, other sweeteners are sometimes incorporated into the licorice recipe. These include molasses, glucose syrups, and other crude sugars. Some low calorie licorice candies incorporate artificial sweeteners like aspartame (Nutrasweet). Sweeteners make up about 60% of the licorice paste.

Flour

All the ingredients in licorice must be bound together to maintain a cohesive product. To accomplish this, candy technologists use wheat flour. Wheat flour is obtained by grinding wheat seeds into a powder. It is primarily composed of starch and protein which when combined with water creates a paste, called gluten, that can be stretched and rolled without breaking. These properties allow the finished licorice paste to be extruded into various sizes and shapes. The flour is also responsible for the licorice's shiny appearance because during licorice manufacture, the starch in the flour is gelatinized. It is typically incorporated into the licorice paste at about 25-40%.

Flavorants, colorants, and other ingredients

Many other ingredients are incorporated into a licorice recipe to produce the familiar candy. To give the candy flavor and color, licorice black juice is included at a level from 1.5-4%. Since this material is quite expensive, it is often diluted with aniseed oils. Liquid caramel may also be used for a similar purpose. Other natural flavors obtained from fruits, berries, honey, molasses, and maple sugar have also been used in licorice. The impact of these flavors can be improved by the addition of artificial flavors, which are mixtures of aromatic chemicals. Salt is also included to improve the final flavor of the candy. Additionally, acids such as citric acid, lactic acid, and malic acid can be added to provide flavor. Artificial colors such as certified FD&C colorants are used to modify the color of the final product.

Processing ingredients are important in licorice manufacturing. Cornstarch is a high molecular weight sugar polymer that can have a wide range of functions in a licorice recipe. While it can be a sweetener, texture stabilizer and a gelling agent, it is primarily used as a coating ingredient to prevent pieces of licorice from sticking together. Soybean oil may also be used in the production of licorice. It provides some flavoring but also acts as a suitable lubricant during processing. Although licorice contains a high concentration of sugar, there is still a potential for microbial contamination. To prevent this type of contamination, potassium sorbate is included as a preservative in some licorice recipes.

The Manufacturing
Process

Licorice manufacture begins with making a batch of licorice paste. The batch is then extruded through a nozzle, cooled, cut, and packaged automatically.

Creating the slurry

• 1 The conventional method of producing licorice begins by making a slurry of the ingredients in the recipe. Factory workers, known as compounders, make slurry batches by pouring, or pumping, the appropriate amount of raw materials into large, stainless steel mixing tanks. These tanks are equipped with mixing, steam heating, and water cooling capabilities, and can accommodate batch sizes of 1,000-2,000 lb (454-908 kg) or more. The mixers in these tanks must efficiently sweep the sidewalls to prevent burning of the batch. When the slurry passes quality control tests, it can be pumped to the continuous cooker.

Cooking

• 2 Using traditional techniques, the batches of licorice had to be cooked anywhere from two to four hours. Since the main objective of this cooking process was to reduce the moisture content of the slurry, a faster continuous process was developed. By using a continuous, high-pressure cooking method some manufacturers have cut the cooking time down to a few minutes. In one type of cooker, the slurry of licorice paste is pumped into a vertical evaporator tube, which is surrounded by a steam jacket. Revolving blades inside the tube cause a process of heat exchange (cooking) to occur between droplets of slurry and the cooker. This reduces the moisture level of the slurry, and creates a thin film of licorice candy, which is extruded through an outlet at the bottom of the tube. The candy accumulates in a semi-solid paste, which can then be pumped through an extruder.

Extrusion

• 3 As the product leaves the cooker, it is pumped through electrically-heated pipes to the extruding machine. The paste goes through the extruder and is expelled on a conveyor as an endless strand of licorice. It can come out in a wide variety of shapes including braids, straws, twists, shoestrings and ribbons to name a few. Currently, extruders can handle over 2,000 lb (908 kg) of licorice per hour.

Cutting

• 4 The licorice strands then travel along the conveyor to the cutter. As they move toward the cutter, they travel slow enough to cool to an appropriate temperature. This is important because it allows the candy to harden and set. When the licorice strands arrive at the cutter, they are cut "guillotine style" into pieces of a desired length.

Final coating and packaging

• 5 From the cutter, the licorice pieces are moved along the conveyor to the package equipment. Along the way, they may be further dried and coated with a special glaze, which enhances the product's shine and keeps the pieces from sticking together in the bag. At the packaging stage, the licorice is lined up and stacked. It is placed on a horizontal flow wrapper and when enough pieces are available, the plastic film package is wrapped around the licorice and sealed on both ends. The package is then moved to a stamping machine, which prints a manufacturing tracking code number on it, and then to a boxing machine. Multiple packages are put into individual boxes. The boxes are stacked on pallets and the pallets are shipped on trucks to the food distributor.

Quality Control

The first part of quality control begins with the testing of incoming raw materials. Quality control lab technicians evaluate each ingredient prior to use to ensure that they conform to specifications. Sensory characteristics such as appearance, color, odor, and flavor are all checked. Other characteristics may also be examined such as viscosity of liquids, particle size of solids, and moisture content. Manufacturers depend on these tests to ensure that the ingredients they use will produce a consistent quality batch of licorice.

Beyond testing of the initial ingredients, quality tests are also run on the licorice paste. This includes pH, viscosity, and appearance testing, but it also includes an evaluation of the gelatinization of the batch. It turns out that the quality of the licorice paste is dependent on the extent to which starch gelatinization takes place. If the batch has fully gelatinized, it will have a good gloss and hold the production count-lines. A partially gelatinized batch will have a cleaner bite. Since both of these properties are desired, the final batch must be tested to ensure that just the right amount of gelatinization has taken place.

During production, quality control technicians check physical aspects of the extruded candy. The usual method of testing is to compare the newly-made product to an established standard. For example, the color of a randomly sampled licorice stick is compared to a standard licorice that was produced during product development. Other qualities of this sample such as taste, texture, and odor are evaluated by groups of sensory panelists. These are people who are specially trained to notice small differences in tactile properties. Additionally, many instrumental tests developed by the confectionery industry over the years are also performed to complement tests performed by humans.

The Future

The focus of research for licorice producers will be on developing faster, more efficient production methods. Most manufacturers have shifted away from the conventional method to a continuous process because the old batch method is slow and requires too much labor. To reduce manufacturing times, new cookers may be developed in the future. Another way to reduce times is by developing new licorice recipes. These recipes will use substitution ingredients, which can stabilize texture, extend shelf life while still reducing processing times and maintaining a desirable candy taste.

Where to Loarn More

Books

Alikonis, Justin. Candy Technology. Westport: AVI Publishing Co., 1979.

Booth, R. Gordon. Snack Food. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

Macrae, R. et. al., editors. Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

Periodicals

Deis, Ronald. "Candy Creations with Starch and Its Derivatives." Food Product Design (September 1997): 73-88.

—Perry Romanowski

Licorice

Description

Licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra, is a purple and white flowering perennial, native of the Mediterranean region and central and southwest Asia. It is cultivated widely for the sweet taproot that grows to a depth of four ft (1.2 m). Licorice is a hardy plant that thrives in full sun or partial shade and prefers rich, moist soil. It may grow to a height of 3-7 ft (1-2 m). The wrinkled, brown root has yellow interior flesh and is covered with a tangle of rootlets branching from the stolons. The aerial parts of the plant are erect and branching with round stems that become somewhat angular near the top. The leaves are alternate, odd, and pinnate, dividing into as many as eight pairs of oblong leaflets. Licorice blossoms in late summer. The sweet-pea like flowers grow in clusters forming in the angle where the stem joins the branch. The maroon colored seed pods are about 1-2 in (3-5 cm) long and contain one to six kidney-shaped seeds.

Licorice is a sweet and soothing herb that has been appreciated for its medicinal qualities for thousands of years. Hippocrates named the herb glukos riza, or sweet root. Several species of this member of the Leguminosae, or pea, family, are used medicinally. Glycyrrhiza glabra, also known as sweet wood or sweet licorice, is cited first in most herbals. Chinese licorice, G. uralenis or G. viscida, known as the peacemaker, was included in the Chinese classic herbal Pen Tsao Ching over 2,000 years ago, and is believed to promote longevity. An American variety, G. lepidota or wild licorice, was a common Native American remedy and was also used by early settlers. Dominican friars brought the herb to England in the sixteenth century. The abbess Hildegard of Bingen added licorice to her materia medica, and this well-loved herb was a favorite of German and English herbalists.

General use

The medicinal benefits of licorice root have been studied extensively, and its use in traditional medicine is well documented. Licorice is an expectorant, helpful in the treatment of upper respiratory tract catarrh. The root extract is demulcent, and commonly used as a component of many medicinal syrups and drops providing relief to a sore throat and for coughs. The glycoside glycyrrhizin, found in the root, is more than 50 times as sweet as sucrose. Glycyrrhizin, which becomes glycyrrhizic acid when ingested, has been credited with much of the pharmacological action of licorice. The herb is also effective as a mild laxative, cleansing the colon. Licorice is a liver tonic and is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine, useful in the treatment of arthritis. Along with other herbs, licorice is used to treat muscle spasms. It also acts to reduce stomach acid and relieves heart-burn . Other active chemical constituents in licorice root include asparagine, flavonoids and isoflavonoids, chalcones, coumarins, sterols, and triterpenoid saponins. Studies have shown that licorice also stimulates the production of interferon.

Licorice preparations have been used in the healing of peptic ulcers. The demulcent action of the root extract coats and soothes the ulcerated tissue. Licorice also has a beneficial effect on the endocrine system and is helpful in treatment of problems with the adrenal gland, such as Addison's disease. Phytochemicals in the root act similarly to and stimulate the secretion of the body's natural adrenal cortex hormone, aldosterone. This sweet herb also has antibacterial action and is beneficial in treatment of hypoglycemia . Licorice increases bile flow and acts to lower blood cholesterol levels. Licorice root, when boiled to extract its sweetness, has been used traditionally in candy making. Commercially it is a flavoring in beer, soft drinks, and tobacco. Singers chew the root to ease throat irritation and to strengthen their voice. Many women's herbal formulas include licorice for its estrogenic properties as an aid to normalize and regulate hormone production during menopause ; however, some recent studies indicate that licorice does not have the estrogenic qualities that have been attributed to it. Licorice is frequently used in medicinal compounds with other herbs. In Chinese medicine, this herb is always used in compound, as it can minimize the bitter taste of some herbal components, and help to blend and harmonize the entire mixture.

More recently, licorice has been found to offer some protection against cardiovascular disease. A team of Israeli researchers found that licorice root extract added to the diet lowers blood cholesterol levels as well as the rate of oxidation in cardiovascular tissue.

Licorice also shows promise as a possible chemo-preventive against cancer . Glycyrrhizin, the glycoside credited with many of the beneficial effects of licorice, appears to inhibit the growth of cancer cells as well. In addition, a new polyphenol compound isolated from licorice root has been found to induce apoptosis, or self-destruction, in human prostate and breast tumor cells.

Preparations

The dried root is used in medicinal preparations. Harvest the taproot of three- to four-year-old plants in late autumn. Washed and dried, the root may be stored intact until needed for a preparation.

Decoction: Combine one teaspoonful of dried root, powdered or diced, for each cup of non-chlorinated water . Bring to boil, lower heat and simmer for 10-15 minutes. Dosage is three cups per day. Prepare fresh decoction daily.

Tincture: Combine one part dried root, powdered or diced, with five parts of brandy or vodka in a glass container. A 50/50 alcohol to water ratio is optimal. Seal the container with an airtight lid. Leave to macerate in a darkened place for two weeks. Shake daily. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or muslin bag and pour into a dark bottle for storage up to two years. Dosage is one to three milliliters of the tincture three times a day.

Precautions

People should avoid using licorice in large doses for long periods of time. This herbal remedy should be used for no longer than four to six weeks without medical advice. Pregnant women should not use the herb. Persons with high blood pressure or kidney disease should not use licorice, nor should those with cholestatic liver disorders or cirrhosis .

Side effects

Excessive use of the herbal extract may raise blood pressure, cause water retention, headache , and potassium loss; however, for persons on high potassium, low-sodium diets , this may not be a problem. Licorice taken in its natural form, such as chewing the root, may mitigate the side effect of water retention because of the high presence of the plant constituent asparagine. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract is commercially available for treatment of peptic ulcer and eliminates side effects possible with other licorice preparations.

Interactions

When licorice is used while taking thiazide diuretic medications, this may exacerbate potassium loss. Sensitivity to digitalis glycosides may increase with loss of potassium.

Resources

BOOKS

Blumenthal, Mark. The Complete German Commission E Mongraphs, Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Massachusetts: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998.

Bown, Deni. The Herb Society of America, Encyclopedia of Herbs And Their Uses. New York: D.K. Publishing, Inc., 1995.

Gladstar, Rosemary. Herbal Healing for Women. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993.

Kowalchik, Claire, and William H. Hylton. Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, 1987.

Mabey, Richard. The New Age Herbalist. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1998.

PERIODICALS

Amato, P., S. Christophe, and P. L. Mellon. "Estrogenic Activity of Herbs Commonly Used as Remedies for Menopausal Symptoms." Menopause 9 (March-April 2002): 145-150.

Fuhrman, B., N. Volkova, M. Kaplan, et al. "Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Licorice Extract Supplementation on Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Increased Resistance of LDL to Atherogenic Modifications, Reduced Plasma Lipid Levels, and Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure." Nutrition 18 (March 2002): 268-273.

Hsiang, C. Y., I. L. Lai, D. C. Chao, and T. Y. Ho. "Differential Regulation of Activator Protein 1 Activity by Glycyrrhizin." Life Sciences 70 (February 22, 2002): 1643-1656.

Rafi, M. M., B. C. Vastano, N. Zhu, et al. "Novel Polyphenol Molecule Isolated from Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra ) Induces Apoptosis, G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest, and Bcl-2 Phosphorylation in Tumor Cell Lines." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (February 13, 2002): 677-684.

Clare Hanrahan

Rebecca J. Frey, PhD

licorice , name for a European plant ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) of the family Leguminosae ( pulse family) and for the sweet substance obtained from the root. Since early times the root has been used medicinally (for coughs and as a laxative); it is used also in brewing, for confectionery, and for flavoring (e.g., in some tobacco). The licorice plant, a perennial with blue pealike blossoms, is cultivated chiefly in the Middle East. Another species, the wild licorice ( G. lepidota ), is native to North America; other plants of similar flavor may be called licorice. Licorice is classified in the division Magnoliophyta , class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Leguminosae.

lic·o·rice / ˈlik(ə)rish; -ris/ (Brit. liquorice) • n. 1. a sweet, chewy, aromatic black substance made by evaporation from the juice of a root. ∎  a candy flavored with such a substance. 2. the widely distributed plant (genus Glycyrrhiza) of the pea family from which this product is obtained. ORIGIN: Middle English: from Old French licoresse, from late Latin liquiritia, from Greek glukurrhiza, from glukus ‘sweet’ + rhiza ‘root.’

liq·uor·ish / ˈlik(ə)rish/ • adj. archaic form of lickerish. DERIVATIVES: liq·uor·ish·ness n.

licorice See liquorice

licorice See liquorice.

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liquorice •banish, clannish, mannish, Spanish, tannish, vanish •garnish, tarnish, varnish •replenish, Rhenish •Danish •cleanish, greenish •diminish, finish, Finnish, thinnish •swinish •admonish, astonish, donnish •Cornish •brownish, clownish, townish •buffoonish, cartoonish, soonish •Hunnish, nunnish, punish •maidenish • hoydenish • paganish •womanish • vixenish • kittenish •heathenish •burnish, furnish •longish, strongish •youngish •Lappish, snappish •dampish, scampish, trampish, vampish •sharpish • apish •cheapish, sheepish, steepish •blimpish, impish, wimpish •foppish • waspish • uppish •frumpish, grumpish, lumpish, plumpish •parish •cherish, perish •bearish, fairish, garish, squarish •nightmarish • Irish •moreish, whorish •flourish, nourish •nearish, queerish •sourish •boorish, Moorish •gibberish • Micawberish • vulturish •spiderish • vigorish • vinegarish •tigerish • ogreish • Quakerish •lickerish, liquorice (US licorice) •ochreish (US ocherish) •vapourish (US vaporish) • viperish •spinsterish • Pooterish • amateurish •feverish • liverish • impoverish •minxish • niceish • coarsish • closish