MISSOURI

MISSOURI. Missouri's diversity marks it as a microcosm of the nation. Located in the center of the country and drained by the great Mississippi River on its eastern border and bisected by the Missouri River, Missouri's land area is 68,886 square miles. In 2000, the state's population stood at 5,595, 211, with 11.2 percent being African American, just short of the 12.3 percent in the nation.

With rich farmlands north of the Missouri River devoted to general agriculture, a 200-day growing season in the Mississippi Delta of the southeast portion of the state for cotton, melons, soybeans, and rice, the Osage Plains in the southwest for dairying and cattle raising, and the Ozark Highlands occupying 31,000 square miles of the rest, Missouri offers a wide range of landforms. The Boston Mountains that make up the Ozarks are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the nation. The free-flowing Jack's Fork, Current, and Eleven Points Rivers provide opportunities for floating that places one in the natural beauty of the Ozarks. The Gasconade, White, and Osage Rivers add further to the charm of the region. Meramec, Round, and Big are some of the springs found in Missouri. Numerous caves add further to the attraction of the state.

The leading producer of lead in the world, Missouri also produces many minerals, including an abundance of coal, zinc, limestone, silica, barite, clay for brick-making, and Carthage marble, from which the State Capitol is constructed. Timber resources are abundant as well, and only the absence of oil in any quantity keeps Missouri from having all of the important natural resources.

Missouri's two major cities represent the urban dimension to its status as a microcosm of the nation. St. Louis, with more than 2.5 million people in its metropolitan area, retains the look and feel of an eastern city. Kansas City, with its more than 1.7 million metropolitan area residents, broad avenues, and expansive boundaries, is clearly a western city. Branson, in the southwest corner of the state, is an entertainment capital that surpasses Nashville, Tennessee, in its live performances and attraction of more than 6 million visitors a year. Diversity marks Missouri.

People

The people of the state also represent the citizens of the nation. Native Americans, particularly the Osage, dominated the area called Missouri before European explorers entered the region. Preceded by Mound Builders of the Mississippian period (a.d. 900–1500), who left their imprint on the earth still to be seen at Cahokia Mounds in Illinois, the Osage dominated the area when Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet, early French explorers, came to the area in the 1670s. The state takes its name from the Missouri Indians, who succumbed to attacks from their enemies, the Sauk Indians, and from smallpox epidemics. Remnants of the Missouri eventually blended with the Oto tribe of Kansas. Other French explorers, including René Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, Claude Du Tisne, and Etienne De Bourgmont, added to European knowledge and promoted settlement in the area. In 1720, Phillipe Renault introduced African American slaves into the area as the labor force for mining lead. In 1750, the French made the first permanent European settlement in the state at Ste. Genevieve. Just fourteen years later, Pierre Laclede Liguest and his adopted son, Auguste Chouteau, founded St. Louis, some one hundred miles north and also on the Mississippi River. Liguest and the other early French settlers sought to either profit from the fur trade with the Indians or to gain riches from mineral resources. Fur interested Chouteau and his descendants, and for the next sixty years, the Chouteau family explored, traded, and moved across Missouri. Even after Spain took over the area in 1762 through the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the French remained dominant. In 1800, Spain relinquished political control back to France through the Treaty of San Ildefonso. Three years later, Napoleon Bonaparte sold the entire Louisiana Territory, which included Missouri, to the United States. By then, other towns included St. Charles (1769), Cape Girardeau (1793), and New Madrid (1789).

Territorial Period

Disputed land claims accompanied the establishment of control by the United States. Spanish governors had been lavish in rewarding their friends with large grants. When Americans began entering the region in great numbers between 1803 and 1810, they began disputing these claims. To confuse the matter further, when the great earthquake hit the New Madrid area in 1811–1812, the territorial government offered those devastated by the quake the right to claim land in central Missouri called the Boonslick area (named for the famous frontiersman Daniel Boone and his sons, who had come to Missouri in 1799). A land commission settled some of the claims and the first territorial secretary, Frederick Bates, settled others between 1812 and 1820, but it took until 1880 for the last claim to be resolved.

President Thomas Jefferson, who had purchased Louisiana, decided to explore and lay claim to as much area as possible. In 1804, he sent an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on one of the greatest adventures in American history. The intrepid travelers went up the Missouri River to its origins and then along the Columbia River to the Pacific Coast. They returned in 1806 with broad knowledge of the Native Americans and the plants and animals that lived in this vast region. They also drew maps of the area. News of their findings spurred settlement and the establishment of extensive fur trading operations throughout the west. Fur trading became Missouri's first important industry.

Between 1804 and 1810, Missouri's population doubled from 10,000 to 20,000. It moved through the stages of territorial administration established by the Northwest Ordinance and became a third-class territory in 1816. By 1820, the population reached 67,000, and Missourians sought statehood.

Many settlers came from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. They brought slaves with them and quickly established a predominantly Southern culture in the Boonslick area, which became known as "Little Dixie." Still other settlers from those states and North Carolina began to enter the Ozarks, but they reflected their hill origins and brought few slaves with them.

The Missouri Compromise

The question of Missouri's entrance into the union of states evoked the first national debate over slavery. Through the efforts of Kentucky senator Henry Clay, a compromise that left the number of states even allowed Missouri to come into the Union as a slave state, for Maine to enter the Union as a free state, and for there to be no more slave states allowed north of the southern boundary of Missouri. Missouri became the twenty-fourth state to enter the Union in 1821.

The convention that drew up the constitution and the first general assembly met in St. Louis. The assembly designated St. Charles as temporary capital, and then on 31 December 1821 it decided to locate a new capitol on the banks of the Missouri River about 12 miles from the mouth of the Osage River. Named after Thomas Jefferson, the City of Jefferson became Missouri's seat of government.

The Age of Benton

Elected as one of the two United States senators in 1821, Thomas Hart Benton and his central Missouri supporters dominated Missouri politics for the next thirty years. A spokesman for the interests of hard money and cheap land, Benton became synonymous with Jacksonian Democracy, the party of President Andrew Jackson. During the 1840s, as the question of slavery and its expansion

reached its zenith with the annexation of Texas, Benton took the side of free soil. His former supporters in central Missouri found new leaders in Claiborne Fox Jackson and David Rice Atchison, who associated Missouri's interests with the Southern states. Through a series of resolutions that passed the legislature in 1849, the supporters of slavery tried to force Benton's hand. His refusal to accept the resolutions caused him to lose his reelection campaign, and Missouri became so politically divided that for a period in the 1850s, only David Rice Atchison represented the state in the Senate, because a majority of the General Assembly could not decide on anyone.

In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery and negated the Missouri Compromise. Contention over slavery and its extension led to fighting in Kansas, with Missourians along the border supporting slavery and the forces of abolition supporting a free Kansas. This fighting represented a prelude to the Civil War (1861–1865).

The Dred Scott Decision and the Civil War

While "Bleeding Kansas" gripped the nation's attention, the Supreme Court in 1857 decided that Dred Scott and his wife Harriet must stay in slavery. During the 1840s, Dred and Harriet, Missouri slaves, sued for their freedom on the grounds that they had been taken to free territories by their master. Reversing precedent and quite divided, the court ruled against the Scotts. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney went even further in the majority opinion, when he wrote that African Americans had no right to citizenship rights, thus making any suit invalid. A minority of justices wrote dissenting opinions, revealing the deep divisions within the country.

The election of 1860 further indicated that division. Four major candidates ran for president, and, Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of a purely regional party, won. Even before Lincoln's inauguration, South Carolina and other Southern states began to secede. Claiborne Jackson and Thomas Reynolds, the newly elected governor and lieutenant governor of Missouri, had run as moderates, but they attempted to lead Missouri into the Confederacy. Jackson called a convention to decide on secession, and the elected delegates surprised him by voting unanimously to stay in the Union. Federal forces led by Nathaniel Lyon and Frank Blair took forceful action and drove Jackson and Reynolds from the state. The pro-Confederates eventually established a government in exile and sent representatives to the Confederate government. Meanwhile, a provisional governor, Hamilton R. Gamble, ran the state government.

During the war, some 50,000 Missourians fought for the Confederacy and more than 100,000 fought for the Union. Some 8,000 of Missouri's 115,000 African Americans fought for their freedom. Only Virginia and Tennessee surpassed Missouri in the number of battles fought during the war. "Civil War" found its true meaning in Missouri as fathers fought sons and brothers fought each other. The intensity of guerrilla fighting on the western border involving such infamous figures as Frank and Jesse James and William Quantrill on the South's side, and the notorious General James Lane on the North's side went unsurpassed in brutality.

The influx of German immigrants into Missouri, and especially St. Louis, during the 1840s and 1850s helped greatly in keeping Missouri in the Union. The German immigrants hated slavery. A number of the new immigrants had left Germany because they fought on the losing side during the Revolution of 1848. Between 1850 and 1860, St. Louis's population more than doubled, going from 77,000 to 160,773, and 50,000 of these people had been born in Germany. Ireland also sent many of its sons and daughters to Missouri, and they represented the second most important immigrant group in the state's population.

The end of the war brought Radical Republican domination in Missouri, and five years of Reconstruction. Again, Missouri experienced, as it had in the Civil War, the nation's experiences in microcosm. Missouri officially freed its slaves before the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, but the 1865 Constitution provided for segregated schools. But through the leadership of white Republicans and black James Milton Turner, a statewide school system was established in Missouri. Also, court cases in the late 1860s ruled against segregation of the state's public transportation facilities. And once African Americans achieved the right to vote through the Fifteenth Amendment, they never lost it in Missouri. The mixed pattern of race relations in Missouri reflected the complexity of race relations in the nation as a whole.

Industrial Missouri

Railroads transformed Missouri and led to the growth of cities. In 1870, Missouri had completed 1,200 miles of track. By 1920, more than 8,529 miles of track carried goods and people to all but four of the 114 counties in the state. New towns blossomed, manufacturing greatly increased, and employment opportunities spurred immigration from throughout Europe. St. Louis grew from 160,000 in 1860 to more than 575,000 by 1900. Kansas City changed from a village in 1860 to a city of 163,000 by the end of the century. With the growth of its two major cities came organized labor. In 1877, St. Louis experienced the first general strike in the nation's history. Missouri's greatest writer, Samuel Clemens, known as Mark Twain, commented on this era in his coauthored, The Gilded Age, and made some failed investments in this industrial age. Machine politics also accompanied industrialization.

Ed Butler, a former blacksmith, created a political machine in St. Louis. Future Democratic Governor Joseph W. Folk made his reputation by attacking Butler's political corruption. He went from circuit attorney to governor in only three years and became nationally famous for reform. Progressives across the nation recognized Folk's efforts.

In Kansas City, Boss Tom Pendergast controlled city politics from the 1920s until his conviction for income tax invasion in 1939. Besides lining his pockets, Pendergast allowed a wide-open city where musicians could find lucrative employment and play all night. The Kansas City sound with such bands as Count Basie's influenced jazz nationally. Building upon this heritage, Kansas Citian Charles "Bird" Parker helped invent a jazz form called bebop in the 1940s. Of course, jazz built on the ragtime music of Sedalia and St. Louis composer Scott Joplin.

World War I–World War II

Missouri supported World War I(1914–1918) and sent General John J. Pershing to lead United States forces in Europe. Future President Harry S. Truman gained significant leadership experience as a Captain in the Great War, as it was called. During the 1920s, Missourians reflected the trends of the nation by electing Republicans as governors. With the spread of good roads, educational opportunities greatly increased during the decade. Woman's suffrage provided activists such as Emily Newell Blair with new opportunities for leadership. Missouri women such as Sara Teasdale and Fanny Hurst became nationally known writers, and not long afterward, Mary Margaret McBride began her remarkable radio career.

During the 1930s, Democratic governors attacked the depression. The January 1939 roadside demonstrations of former sharecroppers in southeast Missouri demonstrated how difficult conditions remained even after six years of the New Deal. In Missouri as in the nation, only World War II (1939–1945) relieved depression conditions. No business in Missouri benefited more from the war than the company founded by James S. McDonnell, who built airplanes in St. Louis. In addition, Truman gained a national reputation as the watchdog of defense contracts, which propelled him into the vice presidency and then in 1945, when Franklin Roosevelt died, into the presidency.

The Postwar World

The years after World War II brought school consolidation to Missouri, beginning in 1947, integration of the public schools during the 1950s, and major tests of the efficacy of busing to improve racial diversity in St. Louis and Kansas City during the 1980s and 1990s. Higher education expanded through the creation of the University of Missouri system in 1963 and the addition of four-year campuses in Joplin and St. Joseph during the late 1960s. A full-fledged junior college system and the takeover of Harris-Stowe College by the state completed the expansion of higher education. During the 1990s, in an effort to equalize funding for schools, Democratic leaders created a new formula for allocating state money to school districts.

In politics, Missouri remained a bellwether state, reflecting almost exactly the nation's preferences for candidates. During the 1960s, Democrats governed, with Governor Warren Hearnes becoming the first Missourian to serve two terms in that office because of a change in the state constitution. In the 1968 election, Hearnes won his second term, but in the same election John Danforth, a Republican, became attorney general. Danforth recruited other likely candidates and led in a Republican takeover of the governor's office in 1972 with the election of Christopher "Kit" Bond. In 1976, Bond lost to Democrat Joe Teasdale, as Missouri reflected national politics again. But in 1980, the state went for Ronald Reagan and Kit Bond won reelection. Meanwhile, John Danforth had replaced Democrat Stuart Symington in the Senate. Future United States Attorney General John Ashcroft served as governor after Bond, and Bond joined Danforth in the Senate. With Danforth's retirement, Ashcroft won his seat and two Republicans represented Missouri in the Senate. In 1992, just as Bill Clinton broke Republican dominance in the presidency, so did Democrat Mel Carnahan win election as governor of Missouri. He won again in 1996, and ran against Ashcroft for the Senate in 2000. A plane crash took his life and the lives of his son and an aide less than a month before the election, which led to an unprecedented development. Missouri voters elected the deceased Carnahan to the Senate. Roger Wilson, who had succeeded Carnahan in the governor's chair, appointed Carnahan's wife, Jean, to the office. Jean Carnahan became the first woman to represent Missouri in the Senate, although during the 1980s, Lieutenant Governor Harriet Woods came very close to defeating Kit Bond for the same office.

Finally, to complete the analogy of Missouri as a microcosm of the nation, it suffered urban sprawl during the 1980s and 1990s. While St. Louis's metropolitan population greatly expanded, the city's population declined from a high of 850,000 in 1950 to only 348,189 in 2000. Kansas City, with the boundaries of a western city, encompassed the sprawl within its borders, and surpassed St. Louis as the state's largest city. In 2000, its population stood at 441,545. The state's third largest city reflected growth in the Ozarks. Springfield counted 151,500 people in 2000. Indeed, except for population growth north of St. Louis, over the last twenty years, the Ozarks region has grown the fastest, replicating rapid growth of resort areas across the nation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brownlee, Richard S. Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerilla Warfare in the West 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958.

Christensen, Lawrence O., William E. Foley, Gary R. Kremer, and Kenneth H. Winn, eds. The Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.

Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Foley, William E. The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Out-post to Statehood. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989.

Greene, Lorenzo, Gary R. Kremer, and Antonio F. Holland. Missouri's Black Heritage. 2d ed. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993.

Hurt, R. Douglas. Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992.

March, David D. The History of Missouri. 4 vols. Chicago: Lewis Publishing, 1967.

Meyer, Duane. The Heritage of Missouri. 3d ed. St. Louis, Mo.: The River City, 1982.

Parrish, William E., ed. A History of Missouri. 5 vols. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971–1997.

Parrish, William E., Charles T. Jones, Jr., and Lawrence O. Christensen. Missouri: The Heart of the Nation. 2d ed. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992.

Lawrence O.Christensen

Missouri , one of the midwestern states of the United States. It is bordered by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, across the Mississippi R. (E), Arkansas (S), Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (W), and Iowa (N).

Facts and Figures

Area, 69,686 sq mi (180,487 sq km). Pop. (2000) 5,595,211, a 9.3% increase since the 1990 census. Capital, Jefferson City. Largest city, Kansas City. Statehood, Aug. 10, 1821 (24th state). Highest pt., Taum Sauk Mt., 1,772 ft (540 m); lowest pt., St. Francis River, 230 ft (70 m). Nickname, Show Me State. Motto,Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto [The Welfare of the People Shall Be the Supreme Law]. State bird, bluebird. State flower, hawthorn. State tree, dogwood. Abbr., Mo.; MO

Geography

Two great rivers, the Mississippi and the Missouri, have had a great influence on the development of Missouri. The Mississippi tied the region to the South, particularly to New Orleans. The Missouri crosses the state from west to east and enters the Mississippi near St. Louis; the portion of its valley between St. Louis and what became Kansas City was the greatest avenue of early-19th-cent. advance westward across the continent.

The region N of the Missouri River is largely prairie land, where, as on the Iowa plains to the north, corn and livestock are raised. Most of the region S of the Missouri is covered by foothills and by the plateau of the Ozark Mts., a region of hill country populated by a relatively isolated, self-reliant people. The rough, heavily forested eastern section of the Ozarks extends into the less hilly farming plateau in the west and encompasses the irregular, twisting Lake of the Ozarks to the northwest.

In SW Missouri is a long, narrow area of flat land, part of the Great Plains, where livestock and forage crops are raised. In the southeast, in the "Bootheel" region below Cape Girardeau, are the cotton fields of the Mississippi floodplain, a once-swampy area improved after the establishment of a drainage system in 1805. The state's rivers have periodically flooded and eroded fertile farmlands. In 1993 flooding cost 31 lives and caused an estimated $3 billion in damage, much of it to agriculture. The Missouri River basin project represents a major flood control effort.

The capital is Jefferson City , and the largest cities are Kansas City , Saint Louis , Springfield , and Independence . Places of interest include the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, in St. Louis; George Washington Carver National Monument, in Diamond; Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, near Springfield; the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, in Kansas City; the Harry S. Truman Memorial Library, in Independence; and the Museum of the American Indian, in St. Joseph. A 185-mi (300 km) bicycle trail stretches from near St. Louis to Sedalia.

Economy

Missouri's economy rests chiefly on industry. Aerospace and transportation equipment are the main manufactures; food products, chemicals, printing and publishing, machinery, fabricated metals, and electrical equipment are also important. St. Louis is an important center for the manufacture of metals and chemicals. In Kansas City, long a leading market for livestock and wheat, the manufacture of vending machines and of cars and trucks are leading industries.

Coal in the west and north central sections, lead in the southeast, and zinc in the southwest are among the resources exploited by Missouri's mining concerns. Lead (Missouri has been the top U.S. producer), cement, and stone are the chief minerals produced.

Missouri remains important agriculturally; with over 100,000 farms, the state ranks second only to Texas. The most valuable farm products are soybeans, corn, cattle, hogs, wheat, and dairy items. The development of resorts in the Ozarks, including Branson and several lakes, has boosted tourism income.

Government, Politics, and Higher Education

In 1945, Missouri adopted a new state constitution that remains in effect. The governor is elected for a term of four years. The general assembly (legislature) has a senate with 34 members and a house of representatives with 163 members. The state also elects nine representatives and two senators to the U.S. Congress and has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. In 1992, Democrat Mel Carnahan was elected governor; he won reelection in 1996. After Gov. Carnahan died in a plane crash in Oct., 2000, Lt. Gov. Roger B. Wilson succeeded him. In November, Democrat Bob Holden was elected to the office. In 2004 Republican Matt Blunt won the governorship, but in 2008 voters elected a Democrat, Jay Nixon.

Institutions of higher learning include the Univ. of Missouri, with campuses at Columbia, Kansas City, Rolla, and Saint Louis; Missouri State Univ., at Springfield; Saint Louis Univ., Washington Univ., and Webster Univ., at St. Louis; Rockhurst College, at Kansas City; and Westminster College, at Fulton.

History

French Exploration and Settlement

Missouri's recorded history begins in the latter half of the 17th cent. when the French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet descended the Mississippi River, followed by Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, who claimed the whole area drained by the Mississippi River for France, calling the territory Louisiana. When the French explorers arrived the area was inhabited by Native Americans of the Osage and the Missouri groups, and by the end of the 17th cent. French trade with the Native Americans flourished.

In the early 18th cent. the French worked the area's lead mines and made numerous trips through Missouri in search of furs. Trade down the Mississippi prompted the settlement of Ste. Geneviève about 1735 and the founding of St. Louis in 1764 by Pierre Laclede and René Auguste Chouteau, who were both in the fur-trading business. Although not involved in the last conflict (1754–63) of the French and Indian Wars , Missouri was affected by the French defeat when, in 1762, France secretly ceded the territory west of the Mississippi to Spain. In 1800 the Louisiana Territory (including the Missouri area) was retroceded to France, but in 1803 it passed to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase .

French influence remained dominant, even though by this time Americans had filtered into the territory, particularly to the lead mines at Ste Geneviève and Potosi. By the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1803–6), St. Louis was already known as the gateway to the Far West.

Territorial Status and Statehood

The U.S. Territory of Missouri was set up in 1812, but settlement was slow even after the War of 1812. The coming of the steamboat increased traffic and trade on the Mississippi, and settlement progressed. Planters from the South had introduced slavery into the territory, but their plantations were restricted to a small area. However, the question of admitting the Missouri Territory as a state became a burning national issue because it involved the question of extending slavery into the territories. The dispute was resolved by the Missouri Compromise , which admitted (1821) Missouri to the Union as a slave state but excluded slavery from lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of lat. 36°30′N. (All of Missouri lies north of 36°30′ except for the southeastern "bootheel." )

Slaveholding interests became politically powerful, but the state remained principally a fur-trading center. In 1822, W. H. Ashley (who later made a fortune in fur trading) led an expedition of the adventurous trappers who became known as mountain men up the Missouri River to explore the West for furs. From Missouri traders established a thriving commerce over the Santa Fe Trail with the inhabitants of New Mexico, and pioneers followed the Oregon Trail to settle the Northwest. Franklin, Westport, Independence, and St. Joseph became famous as the points of origin of these expeditions.

Settlement of Missouri itself quickened, spreading in the 1820s over the river valleys into central Missouri and by the 1830s into W Missouri. The boundaries of the state were formed after Native Americans gave up their claim to Platte co. in 1836; this strip of land in the northwest corner of Missouri was added to the state. Mormon immigrants came to settle Missouri in the 1830s, but their opposition to slavery and their growing numbers made them unwelcome and they were driven from the state in 1839. German immigrants, however, were cordially received during the 1840s and 50s, settling principally in the St. Louis area.

Slavery, Civil War, and a New Missouri

In 1854 the problem of slavery was made acute with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , leaving the question of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to the settlers themselves. The proslavery forces in Missouri became very active in trying to win Kansas for the slave cause and contributed to the violence and disorder that tore the territory apart in the years just prior to the Civil War. Nevertheless Missouri also had leaders opposed to slavery, including one of its Senators, Thomas Hart Benton.

During the Civil War most Missourians remained loyal to the federal government. A state convention that met in Mar., 1861, voted against secession, and in 1862 the convention set up a provisional government. Guerrilla activities persisted during this period, and the lawlessness bred by civil warfare persisted in Missouri after the war in the activities of outlaws such as Jesse James.

A new Missouri rose out of the war—the semi-Southern atmosphere, along with the river life and steamboating, began to decline, but the flavor of the period was preserved in the works of one of Missouri's most celebrated sons, Mark Twain . The coming of the railroads brought the eventual decay of many of Missouri's river towns and tied the state more closely to the East and North. Urbanization and industrialization progressed, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held at St. Louis in 1904, dramatically revealed Missouri's economic growth.

Political History

Since the brief period of radical Republican rule from 1864 to 1870, Missouri has been permanently wedded to neither major party. While tending toward the Republicans in the days of Theodore Roosevelt, it turned solidly Democratic for Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped to elect Missourian Harry S. Truman to the presidency in 1948. Political machines in the large cities have attracted national attention, notably the machine of Thomas J. Pendergast (1872–1945) in Kansas City. Missouri has contributed to the United States such outstanding statesmen as Champ Clark, James Reed, and W. Stuart Symington. Thomas Hart Benton, a descendant of the Missouri Senator of the same name, was one of the country's important artists.

World War I to the Present

Although during World War I general prosperity prevailed in the state, the depression years of the 1930s sent farm values crashing, and many banks, especially in rural areas, failed. Prosperity returned during World War II, when both St. Louis and Kansas City served as vital transportation centers, and industrialization increased enormously. In the postwar period, Missouri became the second largest producer (behind Michigan) of automobiles in the nation. Although most industry remains based in the two metropolitan centers, smaller Missouri communities, especially suburbs, have since attracted much light and heavy industry, as well as former city dwellers. St. Louis lost half its population between 1950 to 1990, and out-migration has continued; what was once the fourth largest U.S. city is now barely in the top 50 in size.

Bibliography

See State Historical Society, Historic Missouri (1959); E. C. McReynolds, Missouri: A History of the Crossroads State (1962); Federal Writers' Project, Missouri: A Guide to the Show Me State (1941, repr. 1981); M. D. Rafferty, Missouri: A Geography (1983); A. M. Gibson, The Encyclopedia of Missouri (1985).

Missouri, US battleship on board which was signed Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945. A Japanese plan to bomb it as it entered Tokyo Bay was narrowly averted.

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Fosbury •strawberry • Salisbury •crowberry, snowberry •chokeberry •Rosebery, Shrewsbury •blueberry, dewberry •Dewsbury • Bloomsbury • gooseberry •blubbery, rubbery, shrubbery •Sudbury • mulberry • huckleberry •Bunbury • husbandry • loganberry •Canterbury • Glastonbury •Burberry, turbary •hatchery • archery •lechery, treachery •stitchery, witchery •debauchery • butchery • camaraderie •cindery, tindery •industry • dromedary • lapidary •spidery • bindery • doddery •quandary • powdery • boundary •bouldery • embroidery •prudery, rudery •do-goodery • shuddery • thundery •prebendary • legendary • secondary •amphorae • wafery •midwifery, periphery •infantry • housewifery • spoofery •puffery • sulphury (US sulfury) •Calgary •beggary, Gregory •vagary •piggery, priggery, whiggery •brigandry • bigotry • allegory •vinegary • category • subcategory •hoggery, toggery •pettifoggery • demagoguery •roguery • sugary •buggery, skulduggery, snuggery, thuggery •Hungary • humbuggery •ironmongery • lingerie • treasury •usury • menagerie • pageantry •Marjorie • kedgeree • gingery •imagery • orangery • savagery •forgery • soldiery • drudgery •perjury, surgery •microsurgery •hackery, quackery, Thackeray, Zachary •mountebankery • knick-knackery •gimcrackery • peccary • grotesquerie •bakery, fakery, jacquerie •chickaree, chicory, hickory, Terpsichore, trickery •whiskery • apothecary •crockery, mockery, rockery •falconry • jiggery-pokery •cookery, crookery, rookery •brusquerie •puckery, succory •cuckoldry •calorie, gallery, Malory, salary, Valerie •saddlery • balladry • gallantry •kilocalorie • diablerie • chandlery •harlotry • celery • pedlary •exemplary •helotry, zealotry •nailery, raillery •Tuileries •ancillary, artillery, capillary, codicillary, distillery, fibrillary, fritillary, Hilary, maxillary, pillory •mamillary • tutelary • corollary •bardolatry, hagiolatry, iconolatry, idolatry •cajolery, drollery •foolery, tomfoolery •constabulary, vocabulary •scapulary • capitulary • formulary •scullery • jugglery • cutlery •chancellery • epistolary • burglary •mammary • fragmentary •passementerie • flimflammery •armory, armoury, gendarmerie •almonry •emery, memory •creamery • shimmery • primary •rosemary • yeomanry •parfumerie, perfumery •flummery, Montgomery, mummery, summary, summery •gossamery • customary • infirmary •cannery, granary, tannery •canonry •antennary, bimillenary, millenary, venery •tenantry • chicanery •beanery, bicentenary, catenary, centenary, deanery, greenery, machinery, plenary, scenery, senary, septenary •disciplinary, interdisciplinary •hymnary • missionary •ordinary, subordinary •valetudinary • imaginary • millinery •culinary • seminary • preliminary •luminary • urinary • veterinary •mercenary • sanguinary •binary, finery, pinery, quinary, vinery, winery •Connery • Conakry • ornery • joinery •buffoonery, poltroonery, sublunary, superlunary •gunnery, nunnery •consuetudinary • visionary •exclusionary • legionary • pulmonary •coronary • reactionary • expansionary •concessionary, confessionary, discretionary •confectionery, insurrectionary, lectionary •deflationary, inflationary, probationary, stationary, stationery •expeditionary, petitionary, prohibitionary, traditionary, transitionary •dictionary • cautionary •ablutionary, counter-revolutionary, devolutionary, elocutionary, evolutionary, revolutionary, substitutionary •functionary •diversionary, reversionary •fernery, quaternary, ternary •peppery • extempore • weaponry •apery, drapery, japery, napery, papery, vapoury (US vapory) •frippery, slippery •coppery, foppery •popery • dupery • trumpery •February • heraldry • knight-errantry •arbitrary • registrary • library •contrary • horary • supernumerary •itinerary • honorary • funerary •contemporary, extemporary, temporary •literary • brasserie • chancery •accessory, intercessory, pessary, possessory, tesserae •dispensary, incensory, ostensory, sensory, suspensory •tracery •pâtisserie, rotisserie •emissary • dimissory •commissary, promissory •janissary • necessary • derisory •glossary • responsory • sorcery •grocery • greengrocery •delusory, illusory •compulsory • vavasory • adversary •anniversary, bursary, cursory, mercery, nursery •haberdashery •evidentiary, penitentiary, plenipotentiary, residentiary •beneficiary, fishery, judiciary •noshery • gaucherie • fiduciary •luxury • tertiary •battery, cattery, chattery, flattery, tattery •factory, manufactory, olfactory, phylactery, refractory, satisfactory •artery, martyry, Tartary •mastery, plastery •directory, ex-directory, interjectory, rectory, refectory, trajectory •peremptory •alimentary, complementary, complimentary, documentary, elementary, parliamentary, rudimentary, sedimentary, supplementary, testamentary •investigatory •adulatory, aleatory, approbatory, celebratory, clarificatory, classificatory, commendatory, congratulatory, consecratory, denigratory, elevatory, gyratory, incantatory, incubatory, intimidatory, modificatory, participatory, placatory, pulsatory, purificatory, reificatory, revelatory, rotatory •natatory • elucidatory • castigatory •mitigatory • justificatory •imprecatory • equivocatory •flagellatory • execratory • innovatory •eatery, excretory •glittery, jittery, skittery, twittery •benedictory, contradictory, maledictory, valedictory, victory •printery, splintery •consistory, history, mystery •presbytery •inhibitory, prohibitory •hereditary • auditory • budgetary •military, paramilitary •solitary • cemetery • limitary •vomitory • dormitory • fumitory •interplanetary, planetary, sanitary •primogenitary • dignitary •admonitory, monitory •unitary • monetary • territory •secretary • undersecretary •plebiscitary • repository • baptistery •transitory •depositary, depository, expository, suppository •niterie •Godwottery, lottery, pottery, tottery •bottomry • watery • psaltery •coterie, notary, protonotary, rotary, votary •upholstery •bijouterie, charcuterie, circumlocutory •persecutory • statutory • salutary •executory •contributory, retributory, tributary •interlocutory •buttery, fluttery •introductory • adultery • effrontery •perfunctory • blustery • mediatory •retaliatory • conciliatory • expiatory •denunciatory, renunciatory •appreciatory, depreciatory •initiatory, propitiatory •dietary, proprietary •extenuatory •mandatary, mandatory •predatory • sedentary • laudatory •prefatory • offertory • negatory •obligatory •derogatory, interrogatory, supererogatory •nugatory •expurgatory, objurgatory, purgatory •precatory •explicatory, indicatory, vindicatory •confiscatory, piscatory •dedicatory • judicatory •qualificatory • pacificatory •supplicatory •communicatory, excommunicatory •masticatory • prognosticatory •invocatory • obfuscatory •revocatory • charlatanry •depilatory, dilatory, oscillatory •assimilatory • consolatory •voluntary • emasculatory •ejaculatory •ambulatory, circumambulatory, perambulatory •regulatory •articulatory, gesticulatory •manipulatory • copulatory •expostulatory • circulatory •amatory, declamatory, defamatory, exclamatory, inflammatory, proclamatory •crematory • segmentary •lachrymatory •commentary, promontory •informatory, reformatory •momentary •affirmatory, confirmatory •explanatory • damnatory •condemnatory •cosignatory, signatory •combinatory •discriminatory, eliminatory, incriminatory, recriminatory •comminatory • exterminatory •hallucinatory • procrastinatory •monastery • repertory •emancipatory • anticipatory •exculpatory, inculpatory •declaratory, preparatory •respiratory • perspiratory •vibratory •migratory, transmigratory •exploratory, laboratory, oratory •inauguratory • adjuratory •corroboratory • reverberatory •refrigeratory • compensatory •desultory • dysentery •exhortatory, hortatory •salutatory • gustatory • lavatory •inventory •conservatory, observatory •improvisatory •accusatory, excusatory •lathery •feathery, heathery, leathery •dithery, slithery •carvery •reverie, severy •Avery, bravery, knavery, quavery, Savery, savory, savoury, slavery, wavery •thievery •livery, quivery, shivery •silvery •ivory, salivary •ovary •discovery, recovery •servery • equerry • reliquary •antiquary • cassowary • stipendiary •colliery • pecuniary • chinoiserie •misery • wizardry • citizenry •advisory, provisory, revisory, supervisory •causerie, rosary