writing

writing the visible recording of language peculiar to the human species. Writing enables the transmission of ideas over vast distances of time and space and is a prerequisite of complex civilization. Where, and by whom writing was first developed remains unknown, but scholars place the beginning of writing at 6,000 BC The norm of writing is phonemic; i.e., it attempts to symbolize all significant sounds of the language and no others (see phonetics ). When the goal is established as one letter for one phoneme (and vice versa), the result is a complete alphabet . Few alphabets attain this phonemic ideal, but some ancient ones (e.g., Sanskrit) and some modern new ones (e.g., Finnish) have been very successful. The contemporary important writing not of alphabetic type is that in Chinese characters, in which thousands of symbols are used, each representing a word or concept, and Japanese, where each character represents a syllable. The Chinese system is so distant from the language that the same characters are used in writing mutually unintelligible dialects, e.g., Cantonese and Mandarin. In some languages, as in English and French, the modern freezing of spelling has removed the writing more and more from pronunciation and has resulted in the need to teach spelling and the growth of fallacies like the "silent" letter (a letter is really either the symbol of a sound or it is unnecessary). Writing was developed independently in Egypt (see hieroglyphic ), Mesopotamia (see cuneiform ), China, and among the Zapotec , Olmec , and Maya in Central America. There are some areas where the question as to whether writing was adopted or independently developed is in doubt, as at Easter Island. Ancient writing, at first pictographic in nature, is best known from stone and clay inscriptions , but the use of perishable materials, mainly palm leaf, papyrus, and paper, began in ancient times. See accent ; calligraphy ; punctuation ; paleography .

Bibliography: See J. H. Ober, Writing: Man's Greatest Invention (1964); O. Ogg, The 26 Letters (rev. ed. 1971); J. A. Fishman, Advances in the Creation and Revision of Writing Systems (1977); A. Gaur A History of Writing (1984); G. Sampson Writing Systems (1985); R. Harris, The Origin of Writing (1986).

writ·ing / ˈrīting/ • n. 1. the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text: parents want schools to concentrate on reading, writing, and arithmetic. ∎  the activity or occupation of composing text for publication: she made a decent living from writing. 2. written work, esp. with regard to its style or quality: the writing is straightforward and accessible. ∎  (writings) books, stories, articles, or other written works: he was introduced to the writings of Gertrude Stein. ∎  (the Writings) the Hagiographa. 3. a sequence of letters, words, or symbols marked on paper or some other surface: a leather product with gold writing on it. ∎  handwriting: his writing looked crabbed. PHRASES: in writing in written form, esp. as proof of an agreement or grievance: he asked them to put their complaints in writing. the writing (or handwriting) is on the wall there are clear signs that something unpleasant or unwelcome is going to happen: the writing was on the wall for the old system.