Erwin Rommel

The German field marshal Erwin Rommel (1891-1944), known as the "Desert Fox," achieved fame as a brilliant desert-warfare tactician in World War II.

Erwin Rommel was born in Heidenheim near Ulm on Nov. 15, 1891, into an old Swabian middle-class family. After a traditional classical education, he joined the 124th Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and was commissioned as second lieutenant 2 years later. In World War I he served on the Western front in France and immediately distinguished himself as an outstanding soldier. In 1915 he was awarded the Iron Cross Class I. From autumn 1915 to 1918 he served in a mountain unit in Romania and on the Italian front, where, for unusual bravery in his capture of Monte Matajur, he was cited for the highest award offered in the German army, the Pour le Mérite, at the unprecedented age of 27.

After the war Rommel spent the 1920s as a captain with a regiment near Stuttgart. In the fall of 1929 he commenced his distinguished career as an infantry instructor at the infantry school in Dresden, where he stayed until 1933. After a two-year command of a mountain battalion, he continued his teaching career at the Potsdam War Academy in 1935 and finally—after the annexation of Austria in 1938—took over the command of the war academy in Wiener Neustadt as full colonel.

On the eve of the war Rommel was selected as commander of Hitler's bodyguard and served in that capacity in Hitler's first drives to the east into the Sudetenland, Prague, and finally Poland. His first field command in World War II was at the head of the 7th Tank Division, which swept toward the English Channel in May 1940.

Rommel's appointment in February 1941 as commander of the Afrikakorps with the rank of lieutenant general marked the beginning of his fame as a desert-war tactician. Initially he met with brilliant success. By June 1942 he had driven the British troops from his starting point in Libya all the way to El Alamein and was rewarded with a promotion to field marshal that same month—the youngest in the German armed forces. Because of lack of reinforcements he failed to take Alexandria and advance to the Suez Canal as hoped and was subsequently driven back by Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's counterattack to Tunis, where he encountered fresh American troops under Gen. Dwight Eisenhower and lost the final, decisive battle at Médenine on March 5, 1943. Five days later he left for Germany on sick leave.

During the summer and fall of 1943 Rommel acted as a special adviser and troubleshooter for Hitler, a task which took him to Italy as commander of the newly formed Army Group B in a last effort to prop up the regime of Benito Mussolini. By December 1943 he was needed at the "Atlantic Wall," the coastal defenses along the coast from Norway to the Pyrenees, and in January 1944 he took over the command of all German armies from the Netherlands to the Loire River. He was unable to prevent the Allied landing in Normandy, however, and on July 17, 1944, was seriously wounded in an air raid, forcing him to return to his home in Herrlingen near Ulm.

Rommel had by this time become increasingly critical of Hitler and the Nazi party, of which he had never been a member. Although he disapproved of an assassination of Hitler, he maintained close contact with the officers who staged the unsuccessful coup of July 20, 1944, and he was to have succeeded Hitler as supreme commander in the event of success. Nazi investigators therefore sought him out at his home in Herrlingen on Oct. 14, 1944, and gave him the choice of taking poison or standing trial before the Nazi People's Court. Rommel chose the former. Hitler ordered national mourning and a state funeral with all honors.

Further Reading

Rommel's own draft narrative of the African campaign was edited by Capt. B. H. Liddell Hart, together with pertinent letters and notes by Rommel, under the title The Rommel Papers (1953). The best-known biography of Rommel in English, and still the standard work, is Desmond Young, Rommel, the Desert Fox (1950), a compassionate yet carefully researched work of a British brigadier general with considerable experience in desert warfare. It has been supplemented and updated by Ronald Lewin's work, Rommel as Military Commander (1968), which concentrates almost entirely on Rommel's most active years in the field, from 1940 to 1944. Paul Carell's beautifully written, exciting, and meticulously researched account of the African campaign, The Foxes of the Desert (1960), was skillfully translated by Mervin Savill. See also Hans Speidel, Invasion of 1944: Rommel and the Normandy Campaign (1950), and Siegfried Westphal, The German Army in the West (1951). □

Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944), German general.Born in Germany, Rommel served with distinction in World War I, winning the coveted Pour le Mérite medal. Rising from infantry captain in 1918 to general during the interwar years, the author of a best‐selling book on infantry warfare, and increasingly an admirer and favorite of Adolf Hitler, Rommel commanded the Führer's headquarters in the Polish campaign of 1939. As commander of the Seventh Panzer Division in World War II, he then performed brilliantly in France in 1940, and commanded the Afrika Korps from February 1941 to March 1943 in the North Africa Campaign. Having achieved the position of a highly decorated and much admired field marshal, Rommel was finally defeated by Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery at El Alamein, and was recalled from his post before his corps were wiped out in May. In July 1944, Rommel was put in charge of German forces along the “Atlantic Wall” in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. He disagreed with his superior, Field Marshal Gerd von Rund stedt, advocating impregnable beach defenses rather than reliance upon a mobile reserve to repel the threatened Allied amphibious invasion. The Germans tried to do both. Following the successful Allied invasion of Normandy, Rommel was severely wounded in an aerial attack in mid‐July. Partly implicated in the plot against Hitler, Rommel committed suicide on 14 October to avoid trial and was buried with military honors as a German hero.

Like many of his generation, Erwin Rommel was a gifted, ambitious, patriotic, and politically naive officer. As long as Hitler seemed to offer him personal glory and to lead Germany toward national greatness, Rommel followed him enthusiastically. Belatedly recognizing the looming catastrophe, Rommel halfheartedly communicated with the conspirators. Made into an immensely popular figure of German soldiering by Nazi propaganda, Rommel was preserved from the humiliating fate of the more decisive plotters. For several decades after World War II, Rommel's reputation as a brilliant tactician, the “Desert Fox,” and a staunch anti‐Nazi made him into something of a cult figure among military historians in Britain and the United States. More recent studies have shown him to have been much more typical of the majority of the Wehr macht's generals who knowingly employed their professional skills in the service of an odious regime. He remains a partly tragic, partly pathetic figure who played a major role in Hitler's savage war on civilization. Rommel lacked the strength and courage to act decisively against the regime even when it had clearly become both militarily and morally bankrupt.
[See also Germany, Battle for; World War II: Military and Diplomatic Course.]

Bibliography

Desmond Young , Rommel, 1965.
David Irving , The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field‐Marshal Erwin Rommel, 1978.

Omer Bartov

Rommel, Erwin (b. 15 Nov. 1891, d. 14 Oct. 1944). German field marshal Born at Heidenheim, he was educated at Tübingen and joined the army in 1910. In World War I, he was awarded the highest German military decoration for bravery, and quickly rose through the ranks. He remained an officer in the army after the war, and after 1933 he attracted the attention of Nazi Party leaders for his efficiency. By 1940 he held the rank of general and commanded a Panzer (tank) division in a brilliant assault through the Ardennes to the Channel. In 1941 he was sent to command the Afrika Korps, an elite tank formation which bore the brunt of the fighting in Libya, where he earned the respect of his opponent Montgomery and the nickname ‘Desert Fox’. In 1943–4, he commanded Army Group B in Italy, until he was entrusted with defence of the Channel coast in northern France against possible invasion, though he was unable to prevent the D-Day landings. Heavily wounded in the Normandy campaign on 17 July 1944, he was recalled to Germany. He supported the unsuccessful July Plot against Hitler, and hence was given the alternative of a public trial (ending with an inevitable conviction and the persecution of his family) or suicide (in which case his family would be spared). He chose the latter. His son became a notable mayor of Stuttgart.

Erwin Rommel , 1891-1944, German field marshal. He entered the army in 1910 and rose slowly through the ranks. In 1939, Adolf Hitler made him a general. Rommel brilliantly commanded an armored division in the attack (1940) on France. In Feb., 1941, he took the specially trained tank corps, the Afrika Korps, into Libya. For his successes there he was made field marshal and earned the name "the desert fox." In 1942 he pressed almost to Alexandria, Egypt, but was stalled by fierce British resistance and lack of supplies. A British offensive overwhelmed (Oct.-Nov., 1942) the German forces at Alamein (see North Africa, campaigns in ). Rommel was recalled to Germany before the Afrika Korps's final defeat. He was a commander in N France when the Allies invaded Normandy in June, 1944. Allied success led Rommel, who had lost his respect for Hitler, to agree to a plot to remove Hitler from office. Wounded in an air raid in July, he had just recovered when he was forced to take poison because of his part in the attempt on Hitler's life in July, 1944.

Bibliography: See his memoirs and correspondence of World War II. (The Rommel Papers, ed. by B. H. Liddell Hart, 1953); biography by D. Young (1950, repr. 1969); studies by R. Lewin (1968, repr. 1972) and C. Douglas-Hume (1973).

Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944) German field marshal, known as the “Desert Fox.” After the annexation of Austria in 1938, Rommel became commandant of an officers' school near Vienna; his opportunity for advancement came in 1940, when he assumed command of the 7th Panzer Division, an armored division, providing leadership in the drive through France to the Channel coast. In February 1941 he was sent to save the floundering Italian army in Libya; his daring raids there won him a vast reputation, his nickname, and the attention of Adolf Hitler, who promoted him to field marshal. In an attack on Cairo and on the Suez Canal, which Rommel opposed but Hitler ordered, the Germans were finally defeated by the British at El Alamein in 1942, and Hitler recalled him to Germany and placed him in charge of defending the French channel coast against attack by the Allies. His plan of defense, which accurately predicted that if the Allies reached the shore they would be unstoppable, did not win Hitler's support. His involvement with a plot to overthrow Hitler and take his place was discovered, and he committed suicide.

Rommel, Erwin (known as ‘ the Desert Fox’) (1891–1944) German Field Marshal. Rommel was posted to North Africa in 1941 after the collapse of the Italian offensive, and, as commander of the Afrika Korps, he deployed a series of surprise manoeuvres and succeeded in capturing Tobruk (1942). After being defeated by Montgomery at El Alamein (1942), he was ordered home the following year to serve as Inspector of Coastal Defences. He was forced to commit suicide after being implicated in the officers' conspiracy against Hitler in 1944.

Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944) German general. Rommel commanded tanks in France in 1940, and later led the Afrika Korps in a victorious campaign in North Africa – until defeated by the British at El Alamein (1942). Transferred to France in 1943, he was unable to repel the invasion of Normandy, and was wounded. Implicated in the plot against Hitler in July 1944, he was forced to commit suicide.