Oswald, St
The Oxford Companion to British History
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2002
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© The Oxford Companion to British History 2002, originally published by Oxford University Press 2002. (Hide copyright information)
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Oswald, St (
c.604–42), king of Northumbria (634–42). Son of
Æthelfryth and Acha, Oswald spent
Edwin's reign in exile amongst the Irish, becoming a Christian. Defeating
Cadwallon of Gwynedd, at
Heavenfield (634), brought him
Bernicia and
Deira. With
Aidan (from Iona) he restored Northumbrian Christianity. Oswald established an overlordship over Wessex (under
Cynegils) and perhaps other English kingdoms, and probably the southern Picts and Scottish
Dalriada, and is one of the so-called
bretwaldas.
Bede's portrait, influenced by the Old Testament, presents Oswald as an exemplar for kings, demonstrating that piety would strengthen power. Killed in a campaign against the pagan
Penda of Mercia, at Maserfield, his cult was promoted by his niece Osthryth, queen of Mercia, who moved his remains to Bardney (where
Offa was to adorn his tomb), and by
Wilfrid, and taken by pilgrim-exiles and missionaries, including
Willibrord, to Ireland and Germany. In 909
Æthelfleda of Mercia transferred his remains to Gloucester. His skull came to be preserved in the coffin of St
Cuthbert. His hands and arms stayed in
Bamburgh.
A. E. Redgate
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