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Nobel Peace Prize

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Nobel Peace Prize is an annual award established by Alfred Nobel and, according to his will, given to “the person who shall have done the most or best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” Nobel gave the Norwegians the exclusive task of selecting each year’s recipient, as opposed to the Swedes, who award each of the other Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Committee consists of five members selected by the Norwegian parliament (known as the “Storting”). Since the prize’s inception, all committee members have been Norwegian nationals. Prize recipients, therefore, generally share the liberal internationalist ideals of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Over the years prizes have been given to a wide range of individuals and organizations that promote a variety of peace and human-rights issues. Recipients of the prize have included government officials, dissidents, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations. Between 1901—when the first prizes were awarded to Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross, and Frédéric Passy, founder and president of the French Peace Society—and 2006, there have been 112 Nobel PeacePrizes awarded to ninety-three individuals and nineteen organizations. The International Committee of the Red Cross has received the prize three times (1917, 1944, and 1963). Branches and leaders of the United Nations as well as individuals and organizations that have worked toward conventional and nuclear disarmament have been frequent recipients of the prize.

Nobel Peace Prize recipients
1901-	Henry Dunant (Switzerland), Frédéric Passy (France)
1902-	Élie Ducommun (Switzerland), Charles Albert Gobat (Switzerland)
1903-	William Randal Cremer (United Kingdom)
1904-	Institute of International Law
1905-	Bertha von Suttner (Austria)
1906-	Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
1907-	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (Italy), Louis Renault (France)
1908-	Klas Pontus Arnoldson (Sweden), Fredrik Bajer (Denmark)
1909-	Auguste Beernaert (Belgium), Paul Henri d’Estournelles de Constant (France)
1910-	Permanent International Peace Bureau
1911-	Tobias Michael Carel Asser (the Netherlands), Alfred Hermann Fried (Austria)
1912-	Elihu Root (United States)
1913-	Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)
1914-	No prize given
1915-	No prize given
1916-	No prize given
1917-	International Committee of the Red Cross
1918-	No prize given
1919-	Thomas Woodrow Wilson (United States)
1920-	Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois (France)
1921-	Karl Hjalmar Branting (Sweden), Christian Lous Lange (Norway)
1922-	Fridtjof Nansen (Norway)
1923-	No prize given
1924-	No prize given
1925-	Sir Austen Chamberlain (United Kingdom), Charles Gates Dawes (United States)
1926-	Aristide Briand (France), Gustave Stresemann (Germany)
1927-	Ferdinand Buisson (France), Ludwig Quidde (Germany)
1928-	No prize given
1929-	Frank Billings Kellogg (United States)
1930-	Nathan Söderblom (Sweden)
1931-	Jane Addams (United States), Nicholas Murray Butler (United States)
1932-	No prize given
1933-	Sir Norman Angell (United Kingdom)
1934-	Arthur Henderson (United Kingdom)
1935-	Carl von Ossietzky (Germany)
1936-	Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina)
1937-	Robert Cecil (United Kingdom)
1938-	Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939-	No prize given
1940-	No prize given
1941-	No prize given
1942-	No prize given
1943-	No prize given
1944-	International Committee of the Red Cross
1945-	Cordell Hull (United States)
1946-	Emily Greene Balch (United States), John Raleigh Mott (United States)
1947-	Friends Service Council (United Kingdom), American Friends Service Committee (United States)
1948-	No prize given
1949-	Lord Boyd Orr (United Kingdom)
1950-	Ralph Bunche (United States)
1951-	Léon Jouhaux (France)
1952-	Albert Schweitzer (France)
1953-	George C. Marshall (United States)
1954-	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955-	No prize given
1956-	No prize given
1957-	Lester Bowles Pearson (Canada)
1958-	Georges Pire (Belgium)
1959-	Philip J. Noel-Baker (United Kingdom)
1960-	Albert John Lutuli (South Africa)
1961-	Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
1962-	Linus Pauling (United States)
1963-	International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
1964-	Martin Luther King Jr. (United States)
1965-	United Nations Children’s Fund
1966-	No prize given
1967-	No prize given
1968-	René Cassin (France)
1969-	International Labour Organization
1970-	Norman E. Borlaug (United States)
1971-	Willy Brandt (West Germany)
1972-	No prize given
1973-	Henry A. Kissinger (United States), Le Duc Tho (North Vietnam)
1974-	Seán MacBride (Ireland), Eisaku Sato (Japan)
1975-	Andrei Sakharov (Soviet Union)
1976-	Betty Williams (United Kingdom), Mairead Corrigan (United Kingdom)
1977-	Amnesty International
1978-	Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat (Egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel)
1979-	Mother Teresa (India)
1980-	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)
1981-	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982-	Alva Myrdal (Sweden), Alfonso García Robles (Mexico)
1983-	Lech Walesa (Poland)
1984-	Desmond Tutu (South Africa)
1985-	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986-	Elie Wiesel (United States)
1987-	Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica)
1988-	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989-	The Fourteenth Dalai Lama (Tibet)
1990-	Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)
1991-	Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)
1992-	Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala)
1993-	Nelson Mandela (South Africa), Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
1994-	Yassir Arafat (Palestine), Shimon Peres (Israel), Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
1995-	Joseph Rotblat (United Kingdom), Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1996-	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (East Timor), José Ramos-Horta (East Timor)
1997-	International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams (United States)
1998-	John Hume (United Kingdom), David Trimble (United Kingdom)
1999-	Médecins Sans Frontieres
2000-	Kim Dae-Jung (South Korea)
2001-	United Nations, Kofi Annan (Ghana)
2002-	Jimmy Carter (United States)
2003-	Shirin Ebadi (Iran)
2004-	Wangari Muta Maathai (Kenya)
2005-	International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed ElBaradei (Egypt)
2006-	Muhammad Yunnus Bangladesh

Controversy has surrounded some selections, as the committee has tried to balance between complying with Nobel’s will and using the prize to promote Norwegian interests and values. The awarding of the 1906 Peace Prize to Theodore Roosevelt is one early example of this balance. Roosevelt was the first head of state to be so honored. While the prize was given because of his involvement in the mediation of the Japanese-Russian war, the former Rough Rider enjoyed a rather bellicose reputation. Nevertheless, Roosevelt was chosen in part because Norway, which had just received its independence from Sweden in 1905, was, as one Norwegian newspaper put it, in need of a “large, friendly neighbor.” In addition, the prize signaled the willingness of the committee to at times award prizes based on specific actions rather than the overall “peacefulness” of the person in question. Prizes to such figures as Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho (1973), Yasir Arafat (1994), and Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin (1978) similarly reflect this tendency.

The Nobel Committee has also used the prize to punish, rather than reward, behavior. For example, the 1935 prize was given to Carl von Ossietzky, a German journalist and dissident who wrote scathing articles against the Nazi Party for which he was sent to a German concentration camp. The prize was given to Ossietzky as much to condemn German behavior as it was to honor Ossietzky. Other cases in which the committee has used the prize to highlight atrocities being carried out by specific governments include Shirin Ebadi of Iran in 2003, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and Jose Ramos-Horta of East Timor in 1996, Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) in 1991, Desmond Tutu of South Africa in 1984, Lech Walesa in 1983, Martin Luther King Jr. of the United States in 1964, and Albert Lutuli of South Africa in 1960.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, Irwin. 2003. The Words of Peace: The Nobel Peace Prize Laureates of the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed. New York Newmarket Press.

Lundestad, Geir. 2001. The Nobel Peace Prize 1901–2000. In The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years, eds. Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, 163–196. London: Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestadreview/index.html.

David R. Andersen

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"Nobel Peace Prize." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Thomson Gale. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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