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perestroika
perestroika (‘restructuring’) Together with glasnost the central pillar of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to reform Soviet economy and society. In appreciation of the poor state of the Soviet Union's economy, which was centrally planned by appointees of the Communist Party, Gorbachev wanted to increase the efficiency of the economy and, implicitly, of the party. Gorbachev's aim was thus to reform the Communist Party to enable promotion by merit and intelligence as well as the traditional commitment to party ideology. As a result, he replaced more party officials in important posts than had happened since the days of Stalin's Great Purge, a fact which initially greatly increased his power and authority within the party. However, it brought to the fore many who were even more reformist, such as the Mayor of Moscow, Boris Yeltsin. At the same time, it caused considerable resentment among the more conservative elements within the party, which led to the August coup of 1991. Ultimately, perestroika failed because Gorbachev sought to correct the problems in state and society caused by the Communist Party through the party itself. Caught between bitter conservatives and impatient progressives, Gorbachev lost more and more political support, so that he became the ultimate victim of perestroika.
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "perestroika." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "perestroika." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-perestroika.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "perestroika." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-perestroika.html |
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perestroika
perestroika , Soviet economic and social policy of the late 1980s. Perestroika [restructuring] was the term attached to the attempts (1985–91) by Mikhail Gorbachev to transform the stagnant, inefficient command economy of the Soviet Union into a decentralized market-oriented economy. Industrial managers and local government and party officials were granted greater autonomy, and open elections were introduced in an attempt to democratize the Communist party organization. By 1991, perestroika was on the wane, and after the failed August Coup of 1991 was eclipsed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the establishment of the Russian Federation, and other dramatic political, legal, and economic changes.
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"perestroika." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "perestroika." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-perestro.html "perestroika." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-perestro.html |
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perestroika
perestroika ˌperəˈstroikə n.(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. See also glasnost.)
Russian, literally ‘restructuring’. |
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"perestroika." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "perestroika." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-perestroika.html "perestroika." The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-perestroika.html |
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perestroika
pe·re·stroi·ka / ˌperəˈstroikə/ • n. (in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. See also glasnost. |
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"perestroika." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "perestroika." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-perestroika.html "perestroika." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-perestroika.html |
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perestroika
perestroika (in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labour efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. The word is Russian, and means literally ‘restructuring’.
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "perestroika." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "perestroika." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-perestroika.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "perestroika." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-perestroika.html |
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perestroika
perestroika (Rus. reconstruction) Adopted by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986, perestroika was linked with glasnost. The restructuring included reform of government and the bureaucracy, decentralization and abolition of the Communist Party monopoly. Liberalization of the economic system included the introduction of limited private enterprise and freer movement of prices.
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"perestroika." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "perestroika." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-perestroika.html "perestroika." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-perestroika.html |
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perestroika
perestroika •bicker, clicker, dicker, flicker, kicker, liquor, nicker, picker, pricker, shicker, slicker, snicker, sticker, ticker, tricker, vicar, whicker, Wicca, wicker
•bilker, milker, Rilke
•blinker, clinker, drinker, finca, freethinker, Glinka, Inca, inker, jinker, shrinker, sinker, Soyinka, stinker, stotinka, thinker, tinker, Treblinka, winker
•frisker, whisker
•kibitka, Sitka
•Cyrenaica • Bandaranaike
•perestroika • Baedeker • melodica
•Boudicca • trafficker • angelica
•replica
•basilica, silica
•frolicker, maiolica, majolica
•bootlicker • res publica • mimicker
•Anneka • arnica • Seneca • Lineker
•picnicker
•electronica, harmonica, Honecker, japonica, Monica, moniker, Salonica, santonica, veronica
•Guernica • Africa • paprika
•America, erica
•headshrinker • Armorica • brassica
•Jessica • lip-syncer • fossicker
•Corsica
•Attica, hepatica, sciatica, viatica
•Antarctica • billsticker
•erotica, exotica
•swastika
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"perestroika." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "perestroika." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-perestroika.html "perestroika." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-perestroika.html |
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