mutation

mutation in biology, a sudden, random change in a gene , or unit of hereditary material, that can alter an inheritable characteristic. Most mutations are not beneficial, since any change in the delicate balance of an organism having a high level of adaptation to its environment tends to be disruptive. As the environment changes, however, mutations can prove advantageous and thus contribute to evolutionary change in the species. In higher animals and many higher plants a mutation may be transmitted to future generations only if it occurs in germ, or sex cell, tissue; somatic, or body cell, mutations cannot be inherited except in plants that propagate asexually (see reproduction ). Sometimes the word mutation is used broadly to include variations resulting from aberrations of chromosomes ; in chromosomal mutations the number of chromosomes may be altered, or segments of chromosomes may be lost or rearranged. Changes within single genes, called point mutations, are actual chemical changes to the structure of the constituent DNA.

Point Mutations

Each gene is made up of a long sequence of substances called nucleotides ; these nucleotides, taken in series of three at a time, specify each amino acid subunit of a protein (see nucleic acid ). In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or deleted to the sequence and the decoding of the entire gene sequence will be radically altered and the amino acid sequence of the protein produced will also be very different. Often the resulting protein is totally ineffective. If one nucleotide substitutes for another in the sequence only one amino acid of the protein will be different, but the effect can be quite dramatic. For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin .

Because proteins called enzymes control most cell activities, a mutation affecting an enzyme can result in alteration of other cell components. A single gene mutation may have many effects if the enzyme it controls is involved in several metabolic processes. Occasionally a mutation can be offset by either another mutation on the same gene or on another gene that suppresses the effect of the first. Certain genes are responsible for producing enzymes that can repair some mutations. While this process is not fully understood, it is believed that if these genes themselves mutate, the result can be a higher mutation rate of all genes in an organism.

Induced Mutations

Mutations may be induced by exposure to ultraviolet rays and alpha, beta, gamma, and X radiation, by extreme changes in temperature, and by certain mutagenic chemicals such as nitrous acid, nitrogen mustard, and chemical substitutes for portions of the nucleotide subunits of genes. H. J. Muller , an American geneticist, pioneered in inducing mutations by X-ray radiation (using the fruit fly, Drosophila ) and developed a method of detecting mutations that are lethal.

Mutation and Evolution

In 1901 the observation of mutants, or sports, among evening primrose plants led the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries to present his theory that new characteristics may appear suddenly and that these characteristics are inheritable; before this time the sources of evolutionary variation were not known and some still believed that evolution resulted from a gradual selection of favorable acquired characteristics . The work of de Vries and of subsequent investigators who demonstrated the distinction between mutation and environmental variations has shown the importance of mutation in the mechanism of evolution .

Bibliography

See W. Gottschalk and G. Wolff, Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding (1983); G. Obe, Mutations in Man (1984).

mutation is a change in the structure of the genome by alteration of the DNA. Alterations in the DNA sequence can arise when mistakes made during replication (copying of the DNA) cause the insertion or omission of a base (point mutation) or the removal or inversion of larger segments of DNA. Mutations can also be caused by radiation or by some chemicals (mutagens). The consequences of mutations are variable; if a mutation occurs within a gene then the composition of the gene product (a protein) will be altered and may affect its function. The evolutionary process depends on mutations in DNA.

Alan W. Cuthbert

mutation
1. Process by which a gene or chromosome set undergoes a structural change.

2. Gene or chromosome set that has undergone a structural change. Mutations are the raw material for evolution: they provide the source of all variation. For mutations to affect subsequent generations, though, they must occur in gametes (reproductive cells) or in cells destined to be gametes, since only then will they be inherited. A mutation that occurs in a body-cell is called a ‘somatic’ mutation: it is transmitted to all cells derived, by mitosis, from that cell. Most mutations, however, are deleterious; evolution progresses through the few that are favourable.