ivory

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ivory type of dentin present only in the tusks of the elephant . Ivory historically has been obtained mainly from Africa, where elephant tusks are larger than they are in Asia, the second major source, and much dead ivory was taken from remains of extinct mammoths found in Canada, Alaska, and Siberia. African tusks of about 55 lb (25 kg) each are common, although tusks of more than 200 lb (91 kg) have been recorded.

In commerce, ivory is classified as live (from recently killed animals) and dead (tusks long stored or on the ground for extended periods and lacking the resilience of live ivory). Ivory may be of a soft or hard variety; the former type is more moist, cracks less easily than the brittle hard ivory, and is easier to work. In the West, soft ivory, obtainable primarily from the eastern half of Africa, was preferred to the hard variety from W Africa. Green, or guinea, ivory denotes certain types of ivory obtained from a wide belt in north central Africa, from the east to the west coasts. At various periods in Africa, native peoples, Arabs, and European colonial powers dominated the trade (now banned) in ivory. Zanzibar, Antwerp, London, and Hong Kong have been major centers of ivory commerce.

Natural substitutes (e.g., tagua , or vegetable ivory) for ivory or near equivalents have long been used. The tooth structure of many other animals, such as the hippopotamus, walrus, narwhal, sperm whale, and wild boar, is also often called ivory.

Uses of Ivory

Ivory is prized for its close-grained texture, adhesive hardness, mellow color, and pleasing smoothness. It may be painted or bleached, and is an excellent material for carving. Large surfaces suitable for veneer are obtained by cutting spiral sheets around the tusk. Commercial uses of ivory include the manufacture of piano and organ keys, billiard balls, handles, and minor objects of decorative value. In modern industry, ivory is used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including specialized electrical equipment for airplanes and radar.

Its use in art dates back to prehistoric times, when representations of animals were incised on tusks. Objects in ivory were created in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Crete, Mycenae, Greece, and Italy, and there are many biblical references to its use at least from the time of Solomon. Large Greek statues, such as the Athena of Phidias , were made in gold and ivory (chryselephantine), and the Romans made lavish use of ivory in furniture, implements of war, and decorative items. A considerable number of diptychs and panels in ivory, given as gifts primarily by Roman consuls, still exist. Ivory plaques, diptychs, boxes, liturgical objects, book covers, and small statues were made in great numbers from early Christian times until c.1400, but the production of these objects declined thereafter. Ivory carving was practiced both in W Europe and in the Byzantine Empire. In India, ivory carving and turning has been done from ancient times. In China and Japan ivory has been used for inlay and small objects, especially for statues and carvings of small size and great precision and beauty of detail. In the last few centuries in Europe and North America, ivory has been employed to decorate furniture, for small statues, and occasionally as a surface for miniature painting.

The Threat to Elephants

The diminishing number of elephants, to a large extent the result of wholesale slaughter for tusks, and the resulting increased cost of ivory have encouraged the making of imitations and the use of natural substitutes. One strategy for controlling the slaughter of elephants for their ivory is to permit a regulated trade that would reduce poaching and provide profit to Africans, but not deplete the elephant population. A ban of the ivory trade, with some limited exceptions, by countries that supply and consume ivory has been in effect since 1989. Despite this ban, the ivory trade continues illegally in a number of producing and consuming countries.

ivory. A hard, smooth, creamy white substance obtained from the tusks or teeth of certain animals, widely used as a carving material from prehistoric times onwards. Elephant tusks have been the commonest source of ivory, but mammoth tusks (from deposits in Siberia), hippopotamus teeth, and walrus tusks have been much used (the famous Bury St Edmunds Cross (see Master Hugo) is in walrus ivory); carvings made from narwhal and rhinoceros horn, stag horn, and even bone have also been embraced by the term. True ivory is an excellent material for high-quality, small-scale sculpture, for although it is difficult to carve it can be easily worked with saws, drills, files, and rasps, and it can take a fine polish and detailed surface treatment. In the ancient world it was classed with gold and precious stones as a luxury material, and the Greeks used it for colossal chryselephantine (gold and ivory) cult statues. Unless separate pieces are joined together (as in such statues), the size and shape of a carving are limited by the dimensions of the tusk, the curvature of which has sometimes been exploited to give a graceful swing to the figure, notably in Gothic statuettes of the Virgin. Though ivory was often painted in the Middle Ages, its natural lustre, translucence, and satin smoothness have always been valued, making it an ideal material for small objects that must be handled to be fully appreciated, such as chessmen and Japanese netsuke. After the 14th century ivory carving declined steadily in Europe, but the art revived in the 17th century, Georg Petel being a noted exponent in this period.

ivory A hard, smooth, creamy white substance obtained from the tusks or teeth of certain animals, widely used as a carving material from prehistoric times onwards. Elephant tusks have been the commonest source of ivory, but mammoth tusks (from deposits in Siberia), hippopotamus teeth, and walrus tusks have been much used; carvings made from narwhal and rhinoceros horn, stag-horn, and even bone, have also been embraced by the term. True ivory is an excellent material for high-quality, small-scale sculpture, for it can be easily worked with saws, chisels, drills, and rasps, and it can take a fine polish and detailed surface treatment. Unless separate pieces are joined together, the size and shape of a carving are limited by the dimensions of the tusk, the curvature of which has sometimes been exploited to give a graceful swing to the figure, notably in Gothic statuettes of the Virgin. Though ivory was often painted in the Middle Ages, its natural lustre, translucence, and satin smoothness have always been appreciated. In the ancient world it was classed with gold and precious stones as a luxury material, and the Greeks used it for colossal chryselephantine (gold and ivory) cult statues. After the 14th century ivory-carving declined steadily in Europe, but the art revived in the 17th century.

ivory this hard creamy-white substance composing the main part of the tusks of an elephant, walrus, or narwhal, was formerly used to make ornaments and other articles.
ivory gate in classical belief, the gate through which false dreams pass; in Virgil's Aeneid, it is said that the spirits of the dead send false dreams to humankind through the ivory gate, and true dreams through the gate of horn.
ivory tower a state of privileged seclusion or separation from the facts and practicalities of the real world; the term is recorded from the early 20th century, translating French tour d'ivoire, used by the writer Sainte-Beuve (1804–69).

i·vo·ry / ˈīv(ə)rē/ • n. (pl. -ries) 1. a hard creamy-white substance composing the main part of the tusks of an elephant, walrus, or narwhal, often (esp. formerly) used to make ornaments and other articles: [as adj.] a knife with an ivory handle. ∎  an object made of ivory. ∎  (the ivories) inf. the keys of a piano. ∎  (ivories) inf. a person's teeth. 2. a creamy-white color. DERIVATIVES: i·vo·ried / -rēd/ adj.

ivory Caches of luxurious ivory jewellery and knives have been discovered in excavations at Ugarit and Megiddo, and may have been made from the tusks of Syrian elephants. Solomon's ships carried ivory amongst the varied cargo (1 Kgs. 10: 22) and the royal throne was inlaid with ivory (1 Kgs. 10: 18). Amos denounces the excesses of the rich who flaunt their wealth with ‘beds of ivory’ (Amos 6: 4). Ivory was sold by merchants in Rome in NT times, and is mentioned in Rev. 18. 12.

ivory Hard, yellowish-white dentine of some mammals. The most valuable variety is obtained from elephant tusks. The term also refers to the teeth of hippopotamuses, walruses, sperm whales and several other mammals.

ivory XIII. ME. ivor, yvor(e), yvory — OF. yvoire, AN. *ivorie (mod. ivoire) — Rom. *eboreum, f. L. ebur, ebor- ivory.

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Fosbury •strawberry • Salisbury •crowberry, snowberry •chokeberry •Rosebery, Shrewsbury •blueberry, dewberry •Dewsbury • Bloomsbury • gooseberry •blubbery, rubbery, shrubbery •Sudbury • mulberry • huckleberry •Bunbury • husbandry • loganberry •Canterbury • Glastonbury •Burberry, turbary •hatchery • archery •lechery, treachery •stitchery, witchery •debauchery • butchery • camaraderie •cindery, tindery •industry • dromedary • lapidary •spidery • bindery • doddery •quandary • powdery • boundary •bouldery • embroidery •prudery, rudery •do-goodery • shuddery • thundery •prebendary • legendary • secondary •amphorae • wafery •midwifery, periphery •infantry • housewifery • spoofery •puffery • sulphury (US sulfury) •Calgary •beggary, Gregory •vagary •piggery, priggery, whiggery •brigandry • bigotry • allegory •vinegary • category • subcategory •hoggery, toggery •pettifoggery • demagoguery •roguery • sugary •buggery, skulduggery, snuggery, thuggery •Hungary • humbuggery •ironmongery • lingerie • treasury •usury • menagerie • pageantry •Marjorie • kedgeree • gingery •imagery • orangery • savagery •forgery • soldiery • drudgery •perjury, surgery •microsurgery •hackery, quackery, Thackeray, Zachary •mountebankery • knick-knackery •gimcrackery • peccary • grotesquerie •bakery, fakery, jacquerie •chickaree, chicory, hickory, Terpsichore, trickery •whiskery • apothecary •crockery, mockery, rockery •falconry • jiggery-pokery •cookery, crookery, rookery •brusquerie •puckery, succory •cuckoldry •calorie, gallery, Malory, salary, Valerie •saddlery • balladry • gallantry •kilocalorie • diablerie • chandlery •harlotry • celery • pedlary •exemplary •helotry, zealotry •nailery, raillery •Tuileries •ancillary, artillery, capillary, codicillary, distillery, fibrillary, fritillary, Hilary, maxillary, pillory •mamillary • tutelary • corollary •bardolatry, hagiolatry, iconolatry, idolatry •cajolery, drollery •foolery, tomfoolery •constabulary, vocabulary •scapulary • capitulary • formulary 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•amatory, declamatory, defamatory, exclamatory, inflammatory, proclamatory •crematory • segmentary •lachrymatory •commentary, promontory •informatory, reformatory •momentary •affirmatory, confirmatory •explanatory • damnatory •condemnatory •cosignatory, signatory •combinatory •discriminatory, eliminatory, incriminatory, recriminatory •comminatory • exterminatory •hallucinatory • procrastinatory •monastery • repertory •emancipatory • anticipatory •exculpatory, inculpatory •declaratory, preparatory •respiratory • perspiratory •vibratory •migratory, transmigratory •exploratory, laboratory, oratory •inauguratory • adjuratory •corroboratory • reverberatory •refrigeratory • compensatory •desultory • dysentery •exhortatory, hortatory •salutatory • gustatory • lavatory •inventory •conservatory, observatory •improvisatory •accusatory, excusatory •lathery •feathery, heathery, leathery •dithery, slithery •carvery •reverie, severy •Avery, bravery, knavery, quavery, Savery, savory, savoury, slavery, wavery •thievery •livery, quivery, shivery •silvery •ivory, salivary •ovary •discovery, recovery •servery • equerry • reliquary •antiquary • cassowary • stipendiary •colliery • pecuniary • chinoiserie •misery • wizardry • citizenry •advisory, provisory, revisory, supervisory •causerie, rosary