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affirmative action

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

affirmative action in the United States, programs to overcome the effects of past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was implemented by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two executive orders, which provided that government contractors and educational institutions receiving federal funds develop such programs. The Equal Employment Opportunities Act (1972) set up a commission to enforce such plans. The establishment of racial quotas in the name of affirmative action brought charges... Read more

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action. The term “affirmative action” first appeared in a legislative context in the...little notice. Prior to the 1960s, virtually no one saw affirmative action as a way of giving minorities preferential treatment in... Read more

Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is a term of general application referring...sensitivities, public justification of affirmative action has tended to describe it as a logical...opportunity for individuals. In fact, affirmative action embodies ideas that are philosophically... Read more

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	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study.(Book Review) ; AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AROUND THE WORLD: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY. By Thomas Sowell...Press, 2004. INTRODUCTION I. SOWELL'S DEFINITION OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION II. SOWELL'S HISTORY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN THE UNITED STATES A. Relevant Legislative and Executive... Read more
	Affirmative Action Around the World: an Empirical Study.(Book Review) ; Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study...28 cloth. Thomas Sowell's new book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study...what does and does not happen under affirmative action--and to whose benefit and whose detriment... Read more
	Affirmative action on the edge: a divisive debate begins over whether women and minorities still deserve favored treatment. (Cover Story) ; Affirmative action is a time bomb primed to detonate...hopefuls are already running against affirmative action. And in California, organizers are...President Clinton in 1992, oppose affirmative action. The Los Angeles Times found 73 percent... Read more
	Affirmative action opponents stymied in the states: Part I of II ; Affirmative action opponents stymied in the states: Part...conservatives are realizing that affirmative action will not easily be eliminated through...coast are preparing to eliminate state affirmative action programs, during 1996 and 1997 only... Read more
	AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: An Anachronism in Higher Education? ; AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: An Anachronism in Higher Education...education are asking the question, "Is affirmative action an anachronism at universities and...NO"! Our society continues to need affirmative action in employment, public contracting... Read more
	AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: A Decade of Disaster for Affirmative Action; Last Rites or Wake-up Call? ; AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: A Decade of Disaster for Affirmative Action; Last Rites or Wake-up Call? Over the past decade, there has been a clear trend when it comes to affirmative action. In a wave of court decisions, voter referenda, and... Read more
	AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: Dispelling the Myths About Affirmative Action ; AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: Dispelling the Myths About Affirmative Action. When the National People of Color Student Coalition...summer of 1995 on the politically charged topic of affirmative action, organizers could not have foreseen how prescient... Read more
	Affirmative Action's Limits . . . ; Affirmative action is a program defended in the name...purpose is to redistribute inequality. Affirmative action does not seek a general expansion...opportunities. It's the classic zero sum game. Affirmative action does not reduce the disparities between... Read more
	Affirmative action: don't mend it or end it--bend it. ; Affirmative action policy--by which I mean ethnoracial...inception more than 30 years ago. Affirmative action's policy context has changed dramatically...made it increasingly difficult for affirmative action plans to pass constitutional muster... Read more
	Alive and kicking: municipal affirmative action policy in Texas cities, 1980s-1990s. ; Affirmative action has come under increased attack in...courts, combined with heightened anti-affirmative action rhetoric during elections, has put...the federal government in expanding affirmative action. As a result, many commentators predict... Read more

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	Does affirmative action work? After four decades, we are still debating how much impact affirmative action can and should have on opportunities and outcomes at work.(3 COUNTERING STEREOTYPES BY CHANGING THE RULES)
	Choosing sides. (opinions of San Francisco mayoral candidate Willie Brown, and University of California Regent and contractor, Connerly Ward)(Special Report: The Affirmative Action War in California)
	The underhandedness of affirmative action.

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