Yoweri Museveni

Yoweri Museveni , 1944-, Ugandan political leader, president of Uganda (1986-), b. Ntungamo. He studied economics and political science at the Univ. of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (B.A., 1970), where he headed a leftist student group. He worked briefly as an intelligence official in the government of Milton Obote . When Idi Amin took power, Museveni went into exile (1971) in Tanzania, organizing an opposition group that had a pivotal role in overthrowing (1979) Amin. Museveni lost to Obote in the 1980 presidential elections, which were widely believed to have been fixed. He then founded the National Resistance Army (NRA), which ultimately won the five-year guerrilla war; Museveni was declared president.

Pledging to restore peace and end ethnic strife, he instituted a number of reforms, e.g., the privatization of state-owned companies and promotion of a free market to help rebuild Uganda's ravaged economy, cutbacks in government spending, and an independent judiciary, and instituted an effective program to control the spread of AIDS. He also has consistently opposed multiparty democracy, maintaining that it requires a thriving economy and viable middle class. Generally considered a leading African statesman and power broker, Museveni has maintained that Africans must stop blaming colonialism for their problems and attempt to operate without Western aid. However, Uganda also has intervened in the political affairs of neighboring countries, including Congo, Rwanda, and Sudan, and Museveni's reputation was tarnished by profiteering and looting by Uganda's forces in the Congo.

Uganda's first direct presidential election (1996) returned Museveni to office by an overwhelming majority, but a referendum that approved (2000) continuing his so-called no-party state saw a large drop in voter turnout. He was reelected president by a large majority in 2001, but this time there were cleared indications of vote fraud, although it seemed to have inflated rather than ensured his win. A 2005 referendum, which approved returning to a multiparty system, was supported by Museveni. He was elected to a third term in 2006 after the constitution was amended (2005) to permit him to do so.

Bibliography: See his Selected Articles on the Uganda Resistance War (1986); G. Ondoga Ori Amaza, Museveni's Long March (1998).

Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta (b. 1944). President of Uganda 1986–  Born in Mpororo, Kigezi, he went to university in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where he became active in the FRELIMO movement which had its headquarters there. He returned to Uganda in 1970 to work for Obote, but left for Tanzania again after Amin's coup in 1971. He was active in organizing resistance to Amin and took part in his overthrow in 1979. In the corrupt 1980 elections, his Uganda Patriotic Movement was heavily defeated, whereupon he organized a struggle of armed resistance against Obote. On 29 January 1986 his troops entered the capital, Kampala, and he became President. The civil war continued in parts of the country, which increased his dependence on the army, whose power he tried desperately to control. His attempt at politics by consensus, however, and his successful economic management which made Uganda one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa, strengthened his standing with the population. This was confirmed in the elections of 9 May 1996, in which he was elected with 74.2 per cent of the popular vote. In two referendums (1995, 2000), the population voted against the introduction of a multi-party democracy. Museveni was re-elected in 2001 with 70 per cent of the vote in a relatively fair election.