Coast Guard National Response Center

█ JUDSON KNIGHT

The Coast Guard National Response Center (CGNRC) is the sole national point of contact for reports of oil spills, as well as information regarding discharges of chemical, radiological, and biological discharges into the environment. As a unit of the Coast Guard, CGNRC is part of the Department of Transportation (DOT), but due to the significance of its function, it often reports directly to the president of the United States. The increased terrorist threat following the attacks of September 11, 2001, have only served to further its importance as part of the homeland security apparatus.

The federal government advises individuals who observe oil spills, or evidence of oil spills, in or around the United States, to report that information to CGNRC. The latter will dispatch on-scene coordinators to collect data, and will serve as a liaison for the U.S. National Response Team (NRT). However, the responsibilities and purview of CGNRC extend far beyond the functions one normally associates with the Coast Guard. Not only is CGNRC the principal point of contact regarding oil spills, the same is true with regard to chemical, radiological (having to do with nuclear radiation), biological, and etiological (involving disease) hazards as well.

Working with other departments and agencies. CGNRC assists a vast array of government departments, agencies, and administrations in myriad ways. For the Federal Emergency Management Agency, for instance, it acts as a contact point on reports of natural disasters and the evacuations associated with them. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) depends on its 24-hour Rail Emergency Hotline, which receives and disseminates information on hazards ranging from railroad accidents to the refusal of railroad employees to undergo drug testing. CGNRC assists the Department of Defense (DoD) by recording transportation incidents or anomalies involving DoD explosives or other sensitive materials, while the Department of the Interior relies on CGNRC to receive reports of incidents involving Trans-Alaskan Pipeline Oil.

In addition to regularly briefing the secretary of Transportation and the chiefs of modal administrations (e.g., the FRA) regarding transportation emergencies, CGNRC also conducts briefings for the White House and the Department of Homeland Security. In the aftermath of the 9–11 terrorist attacks, the federal government has urged civilians witnessing any suspicious activity around rivers and waterways to report this information to CGNRC. According to the New Orleans Times-Picayune in November 2002, "Activities that should be reported include unusual filming, hunting or fishing in unusual areas, lights flashing between boats and the shore, ship crew members recovering or tossing things into the water, and divers entering the water near docks or bridges." Numbers for contacting CGNRC are provided at its Web site, listed below.

█ FURTHER READING:

PERIODICALS:

Darce, Keith. "Port Still Vulnerable, Its Chief Says." Times-Picayune. (New Orleans, LA) (November 20, 2002): 1.

Kreuzer, Heidi. "Westchester Incident Highlights Oil Spill Concerns." Pollution Engineering 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 9–10.

ELECTRONIC:

Coast Guard National Response Center. <http://www.nrc.uscg.mil/index.htm> (January 22, 2003).

U.S. National Response Team. <http://www.nrt.org/production/nrt/home.nsf> (January 22, 2003).

SEE ALSO

Coast Guard (USCG), United States
Homeland Security, United States Department
National Response Team, United States

Coast Guard Reserve. The Coast Guard Reserve Act of 1939 was a response to the booming hobby of pleasure boating. The law created an organization of civilian boat owners who volunteered to assist the U.S. Coast Guard in such activities as patrolling regattas and promoting marine safety.

On 19 February 1941, Congress passed a law restructuring the Coast Guard Reserve. The existing civilian organization was renamed the Coast Guard Auxiliary. A new Coast Guard Reserve would function as a source of military manpower, like the reserves of the other armed services.

Coast Guard reservists were divided into two categories. “Regular Reservists” were paid for their services and could be assigned to any duty. A “Temporary Reservist,” or “Coast Guard TR,” was an unpaid volunteer who served part time in some designated geographic area.

During World War II, the Coast Guard itself suspended regular enlistments; virtually all of the approximately 115,000 people who joined the service during the war served as reservists. That figure includes 51,000 temporary reservists and 12,000 members of the Women's Reserve, called SPARS.

The Coast Guard Reserve and the Coast Guard Auxiliary became permanent institutions after the war. In 1994, the reserve had a strength of about 12,000 and auxiliary membership stood at about 34,000.
[See also Air Force Reserve; Navy Combat Branches.]

Bibliography

Malcolm F. Willoughby , The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II, 1957.
Robert E. Johnson , Guardians of the Sea: History of the United States Coast Guard, 1915 to the Present, 1987.

John A. Tilley

coastguard, a service most maritime nations operate to patrol and guard their coastlines, to prevent smuggling, and to supervise traffic separation schemes and coastal shipping. In 1822 a British organization, known as the Coast Guard, was formed to prevent smuggling. After a period under the Admiralty it became, in 1925, an independent service, as Her Majesty's (HM) Coastguard, and is now part of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. HM Coastguard's specific responsibility is coordinating and helping mount SAR (search and rescue) operations, both at sea and on the coastline, with the help of other lifesaving organizations, Ministry of Defence helicopters, and any other of the emergency services they need to call on. See also national coastwatch institution; us coast guard. Webb, W. , Coastguard (1975).

Coast Guard. See Federal Government, Executive Branch: Department of the Treasury; Military, The.

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