|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries: |
Research categories | Follow us on Twitter |
Research categories
View all topics in the newsView all reference sources at Encyclopedia.com |
|||
Talmud
Talmud [Aramaic from Heb.,=learning], in Judaism, vast compilation of the Oral Law with rabbinical elucidations, elaborations, and commentaries, in contradistinction to the Scriptures or Written Laws. The Talmud is the accepted authority for Orthodox Jews everywhere. Its two divisions are the Mishna or text of the Oral Law (in Hebrew) and the Gemara (in Aramaic), a commentary on the Mishna, which it supplements. The Mishna is divided into six Orders (Sedarim) and comprises 63 tractates (Massektoth), only 36 1/2 of which have a Gemara. The redaction of the Mishna was completed under the auspices of Juda ha-Nasi, c.AD 200, who collected and codified the legal material that had accumulated through the exposition of the Law by the Scribes (Soferim), particularly Hillel and Shammai, and its elaboration by the Tannaim of the 1st and 2d cent. AD, particularly Akiba ben Joseph. The Gemara developed out of the interpretations of the Mishna by the Amoraim . Both the Palestinian and Babylonian schools produced Talmuds, known respectively as the Talmud Yerushalmi (compiled c.5th cent. AD) and the Talmud Babli (c.6th cent. AD). The Babylonian Talmud is longer and more comprehensive and sophisticated than the Talmud Yerushalmi. It became the authoritative work due in part to the predominance of Babylonian Jewry and the decline of the Palestinian community by the year 1000. The Talmud touches on a wide range of subjects, offering information and comment on astronomy, geography, historical lore, domestic relations, and folklore. The legal sections of the Talmud are known as the halakah ; the poetical digressions, illustrating the application of religious and ethical principles through parables, legends, allegories, tales, and anecdotes, constitute the Aggada. In the Middle Ages there arose a vast literature of commentaries on the Gemara—commentaries on those commentaries—and responsa (questions and answers); Rashi was one of the best-known commentators, and his commentaries are included in standard editions of the Talmud. In the Middle Ages thousands of Talmud manuscripts were destroyed by the Christians. The term Talmud is sometimes used to refer to the Gemara alone.
|
|
|
Cite this article
"Talmud." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Talmud." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Talmud.html "Talmud." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud (from Heb., lmd, learn, study, teach). The body of teaching, commentary and discussion of the Jewish amoraim on the Mishnah. There are two Talmuds: the Jerusalem (or Palestinian) Talmud which originated in Erez Israel in c.500 CE, and the Babylonian Talmud which was completed in c.600 CE. Both works are commentaries on some or all of the Mishnaic orders of Zeraʾim, Moʿed, Nashim, and Nezikin. The Babylonian Talmud also includes commentaries on Kodashim and Tohorot. The commentaries on the Mishnah are known as gemāra. By the 11th cent. the supremacy of the Babylonian Talmud was finally established. The entire Talmud text contains c.2 ½ million words, one-third halakhah and two-thirds aggadah. Once it became an authoritative text, commentaries on it began to be produced, the most popular and influential being that of Rashi which was completed in the 12th and 13th cents. by the tosafists.
|
|
|
Cite this article
JOHN BOWKER. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Talmud.html JOHN BOWKER. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Tal·mud / ˈtälˌmoŏd; ˈtalməd/ • n. (the Talmud) the body of Jewish civil and ceremonial law and legend comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. There are two versions of the Talmud: the Babylonian Talmud (which dates from the 5th century ad but includes earlier material) and the earlier Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud. DERIVATIVES: Tal·mud·ic / talˈm(y)oōdik; -ˈmoŏdik/ adj. Tal·mud·i·cal / talˈm(y)oōdikəl; -ˈmoŏd-/ adj. Tal·mud·ist / ˈtälmoŏdist; ˈtalməd-/ n. |
|
|
Cite this article
"Talmud." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Talmud." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-talmud.html "Talmud." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud Body of Jewish religious and civil laws and learned interpretations of their meanings. Study of the Talmud is central to Orthodox Judaism. The Talmud consists of two elements: the Mishna and the Gemara. The Mishna is the written version of a set of oral laws that were handed down from the time of Moses (c.1200 bc); the written version was completed by c.ad 200. The Gemara, the interpretation and commentary on the Mishna, was completed by c.500. The Talmud consists of short passages from the Mishna followed by the relevant and extensive part of the Gemara.
|
|
|
Cite this article
"Talmud." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Talmud." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Talmud.html "Talmud." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud Hebrew for ‘teaching’; the name is given to two collections of Jewish commentaries on the Mishnah, the Palestinian and the Babylonian. This commentary is called Gemara and is essentially analysis of the words of the Mishnah which is the central writing of Judaism, dealing with agricultural and family life, mostly written in Aramaic. The Palestinian Talmud was completed by about 450 CE. The Babylonian, completed a century later, is very much longer and embodies many quotations from the OT.
|
|
|
Cite this article
W. R. F. BROWNING. "Talmud." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. W. R. F. BROWNING. "Talmud." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Talmud.html W. R. F. BROWNING. "Talmud." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud the body of Jewish civil and ceremonial law and legend comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. There are two versions of the Talmud: the Babylonian Talmud (which dates from the 5th century ad but includes earlier material) and the earlier Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud.
Talmud Torah the field of study that deals with the Jewish law. |
|
|
Cite this article
ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Talmud." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Talmud." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Talmud.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Talmud." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
|
|
|
Cite this article
E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Talmud.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud body of Jewish law (Mishnah) and commentary on this (Gemara): XVI. — late Heb. talmûdh instruction, f. lāmadh instruct.
|
|
|
Cite this article
T. F. HOAD. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-Talmud.html T. F. HOAD. "Talmud." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-Talmud.html |
|
Talmud
Talmud
•could, good, hood, Likud, misunderstood, pud, should, stood, understood, withstood, wood, would
•Gielgud • manhood • maidenhood
•nationhood • statehood • sainthood
•priesthood • kinghood • babyhood
•likelihood • livelihood • puppyhood
•childhood • wifehood • knighthood
•falsehood • widowhood • boyhood
•cousinhood • adulthood
•neighbourhood (US neighborhood)
•husbandhood • bachelorhood
•toddlerhood • womanhood
•parenthood • sisterhood
•spinsterhood • fatherhood
•brotherhood, motherhood
•girlhood • Talmud • Malamud
•matchwood • Dagwood • Blackwood
•sandalwood • sapwood • basswood
•Atwood
•Harewood, Larwood
•hardwood • lancewood • heartwood
•redwood • Wedgwood • Elmwood
•bentwood • Hailwood • lacewood
•beechwood • greenwood • Eastwood
•cheesewood • driftwood • stinkwood
•Littlewood • giltwood • Hollywood
•satinwood • plywood • wildwood
•pinewood • whitewood • softwood
•dogwood, logwood
•cottonwood • coachwood • rosewood
•fruitwood • Goodwood • brushwood
•firewood • ironwood • underwood
•Isherwood • wormwood
|
|
|
Cite this article
"Talmud." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Talmud." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Talmud.html "Talmud." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Talmud.html |
|
|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries:
HighBeam™ Research, Inc. © Copyright 2012. All rights reserved.
The Encyclopedia.com advertising network includes:
