Powhatan

Powhatan (ca. 1550-1618) was chief of a confederation of Algonquian Indians in Virginia at the time of the British colonization of Jamestown.

Powhatan was the son of a chief reportedly driven from Florida by the Spaniards. Settling in Virginia, the chief soon conquered about five local tribes and confederated them under his leadership. Powhatan inherited this confederacy and continued to conquer other tribes so that, by the time of the colonization of Jamestown, he ruled about 30 tribes comprising some 8, 000 people.

Powhatan made his headquarters at Werowocomoco, a village on the north side of the York River 15 miles from Jamestown. However, his home was at the falls of the James River (near present Richmond). This site was known as Powhata, thus the English colonists called him Powhatan.

As chief of this confederation, Powhatan was noted for ruling with rigid discipline. He was said to be very cruel to prisoners, and he always maintained a personal guard of 30 to 40 warriors. He had several wives, 20 sons, and 10 daughters, one of whom was Pocahontas.

In 1607 Powhatan was described by John Smith as a "tall, well proportioned man" with gray hair and thin beard who had an aura of sadness about him. The early colonists came to Powhatan to beg for corn, for, as the Native Americans later said, they were yet too weak to steal it. Powhatan was suspicious of the newcomers, refusing to sell them corn. He ordered ambushes of small parties of Englishmen, and several workers were murdered in the fields.

In 1608, according to a story of debated authenticity, Capt. John Smith had been captured and was about to be clubbed to death when he was saved by Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas. This incident did not change Powhatan's attitude toward the English. Nor did his crowning when, in 1609, acting under orders from the Virginia Company, Capt. Christopher Newport, using a gilded crown brought from England for the purpose, crowned Powhatan "Emperor of the Indies." John Smith said that Powhatan appreciated the gifts he received but could be persuaded only with difficulty to stoop to allow the crown to be put on his head.

In 1610 Smith's unsuccessful attempt to capture Powhatan triggered Indian retribution. However, in 1613 Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas and held her hostage for the good behavior of the Powhatan confederacy. An uneasy truce followed.

In 1614 John Rolfe, one of the English settlers, asked to marry Pocahontas. Governor Sir Thomas Dale agreed to the marriage, as did Powhatan, and it took place in Jamestown that June. Powhatan did not trust the colonists sufficiently to attend the wedding and sent his brother in his place.

With the marriage of Pocahontas and Rolfe, Powhatan made a formal treaty of peace with the English which he kept until his death in April 1618. He was succeeded by his second brother, Itopatin (or Opitchepan), who in a few short years would go to war with the Virginia settlers again.

Further Reading

The information about Powhatan is in Capt. John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia. … (1624; several later editions). Also consult Frederick W. Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., 1907-1910); Kate D. Sweetser, Book of Indian Braves (1913); and John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America (1952). □

Powhatan (Wahunsonacock) (d. 1618), paramount chief of the Chesapeake Bay Region when Jamestown was founded in 1607.Historians have doubted the English colonists’ attribution of imperial authority to Powhatan, but recent scholarship argues that he did exercise great power over his subject peoples. Captain John Smith wrote that Powhatan had “such a grave and Majesticall countenance, as drave me into admiration to see such state in a naked Salvage.”

Powhatan and his people were familiar with Europeans and knew their strengths and weaknesses. He and Smith settled into a pattern of wary sparring, each attempting to force the other to conform to his plan for the relationship. Powhatan's young daughter Pocahontas was often the emissary between her father and the fort. Smith accorded Powhatan grudging respect for his subtlety and command. Many of Jamestown's problems, Smith argued, stemmed from its inept leaders’ underestimating Powhatan's intelligence and determination, combined with the colony's dependence on Indian supplies of food.

Powhatan died in 1618, just as the Virginia Company was reorganizing the colony so as to attract large numbers of colonists. He had believed that his people could benefit from the presence of the English and their supplies of manufactured goods from Europe, but always keep the upper hand through control of the food supply and the threat of military action. In the four years after his death, the colony grew dramatically. When his brother Opechancanough tried to wipe out the entire settlement in 1622, the colony's resilience showed the scale of Powhatan's miscalculation.
See also Colonial Era; Indian History and Culture: From 1500 to 1800; Indian Wars.

Bibliography

Helen C. Rountree, ed., Powhatan Foreign Relations, 1500–1722, 1993.

Karen Ordahl Kupperman

Powhatan (1547–1618) chief of an Indian confederation, father of Pocahontas. At the peak of his power Powhatan controlled approximately 9,000 Indians in the Virginia Tidewater region. After opposing the British settlement at Jamestown, Powhatan allegedly changed his mind after his daughter, Pocahontas, begged him to show mercy toward the captured English captain John Smith. Although the British attempted to placate the Indians with gifts, the Indians resented the settlers' relentless encroachment on their territory. After Pocahontas married an Englishman, Captain John Rolfe, in 1614, Powhatan signed a peace treaty with the English, and good relations prevailed between the two groups for the rest of the chief's life.