Henry Armstrong 1912-88, American boxer, b. Columbus, Miss. He was originally named Henry Jackson. He began his professional career in 1931, and soon became known as a strong and tireless puncher. Armstrong won the featherweight championship from Petey Sarron in 1936, the welterweight title from Barney Ross in 1938, and in his next fight (10 weeks later) he defeated Lou Ambers to win the lightweight crown. He thus held three titles simultaneously; this prompted the National Boxing Association to rule that a champion must vacate a title if he wins another. In his career (1931-45), Armstrong won 144 matches, scored 97 knockouts, and lost 19 fights. After his retirement he was ordained a minister and devoted himself to helping underprivileged youth; Youthtown at Desert Wells, Ariz., was built through his efforts.

Bibliography: See his autobiography (1956).

Henry Armstrong

Henry Armstrong (1912-1988) became the first boxer in history to hold world titles in three separate weight classes at the same time. After retiring from boxing, Armstrong became an ordained Baptist minister, working with disadvantaged youth. He also wrote the autobiographical God, Gloves, and Glory (1956).

Born Henry Jackson, Jr., on December 12, 1912, in Columbus, Mississippi, Armstrong was the eleventh of the family's 15 children. His early childhood was spent on a plantation owned by Armstrong's grandfather, an Irishman who had married one of his slaves. His father, Henry Jackson, Sr., was a sharecropper and a butcher. His mother, America (Armstrong) Jackson was an Iroquois Indian. When Armstrong was four years old, his father moved the family to St. Louis, where he and Armstrong's older brothers found work at the Independent Packing Company. Armstrong's mother died of consumption in 1918, leaving the six-year-old under the care of his paternal grandmother. Like his mother, his grandmother hoped that he would pursue a career in the ministry. Armstrong, however, displayed no interest in fulfilling these wishes.

While attending Toussaint L'Ouverture Grammar School in St. Louis, Armstrong acquired the nickname "Red" due to his curly sandy hair with a reddish tint. Small in stature, he was often the target for teasing. In defending himself against bullies, he discovered his interest in boxing. During his years attending Vashon High School, Armstrong excelled, earning good grades and gaining the respect of his peers. He was elected class president and selected poet laureate of his class, which provided him the opportunity to read a valedictory poem at his graduation ceremony. Armstrong worked on his athletic abilities, often running the eight miles to school. After school, he worked as a pinboy at a bowling alley. Here he gained his first boxing experience, winning a competition among the pinboys.

Pursuit of a Boxing Career

By the time Armstrong graduated from high school at the age of 17, the Great Depression had arrived. His father, suffering from rheumatism, struggled to provide for the family. With no money for college and the need to care for his family weighing heavily, Armstrong lied about his age, claiming he was 21 years old, in order to gain employment as a section hand on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Well aware that his meager pay would never be sufficient to attend college, Armstrong's life changed one day when the sports section of a discarded newspaper landed at his feet. Reading that a boxer named Kid Chocolate received $75,000 for one bout, Armstrong quickly abandoned his railroad job to pursue a career as a boxer.

Working at the "colored" Young Men's Christian Association, Armstrong met Harry Armstrong, a former boxer, who became his friend, mentor, and trainer. Taking the name Melody Jackson, Armstrong won his first amateur fight at the St. Louis Coliseum in 1929, by a knockout in the second round. After several more amateur fights, Armstrong moved to Pittsburgh to pursue a professional career. Ill prepared and undernourished, Armstrong lost his first professional fight by a knockout. He did manage to win his second fight on points; however, he decided to return to St. Louis.

In 1931 Armstrong, accompanied by Harry Armstrong, hopped trains to Los Angeles to restart his amateur career. Upon meeting fight manager Tom Cox at a local gym, Armstrong introduced himself as Harry Armstrong's brother, after which he became known by the name Henry Armstrong. Securing a contract with Cox for three dollars, he had almost 100 amateur fights, in which he won more than half by knockout and lost none. When Cox sold his contract on Armstrong to Wirt Ross in 1932 for $250, Armstrong entered the professional ranks to stay.

Standing five feet five and one half inches tall, Armstrong fought in the featherweight class. After losing his first two professional fights in Los Angeles, Armstrong began to consistently win his bouts. He became known for his whirlwind combination of constant movement and knockout punches, earning him numerous new nicknames, including Homicide Hank, Perpetual Motion, and Hurricane Henry. Because the purses were small, Armstrong fought often, usually at least 12 times a year, and supplemented his income by operating a shoe shine stand from 1931 to 1934.

The Road to Three Titles

The road to becoming a champion was not entirely smooth. Armstrong fought his first major bout in November 1934, losing the world featherweight championship in a close decision to Baby Arizmendi. In January 1935 he lost to Arizmendi for a second time. But the tides turned later in the year when he won against former flyweight champion Midget Wolgast. Facing Arizmendi once more in August 1936, Armstrong secured his first title as the new featherweight champion, beating Arizmendi so badly that he was forced to take six months off. Armstrong went on to win his last 12 fights in 1936. Entertainer Al Jolson, who had witnessed the final bout between Armstrong and Arizmendi, was so impressed with Armstrong that he convinced New York manager Eddie Mead to take on the boxer, and Jolson supplied $5,000 to buy out Ross's contract rights to Armstrong. In a publicity stunt, Jolson and Mead falsely advertised the buy-out price as $10,000. When Ross demanded the full amount as publicized, entertainer George Raft put up the additional funds and became the third member of Armstrong's management team.

Armstrong and his managers realized that they needed to attract attention away from the rising fame of boxer Joe Louis. In an attempt to gain popularity and therefore more important fights with bigger purses, they set a goal of winning titles in three different weight divisions, an accomplishment no boxer had ever achieved. Through 1937 Armstrong entered the ring 27 times, winning every fight and knocking out all but one of his opponents. Jolson offered boxer Petey Sarron $15,000 to defend his featherweight title against Armstrong, and the two boxers met on October 29, 1937, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Armstrong won the fight, knocking out Sarron in the sixth round, thus earning his first world title as the Featherweight Champion of the World.

In 1938 with 14 consecutive wins, 10 by knockout, Armstrong achieved his goal, becoming the first boxer to ever hold three undisputed titles at the same time. He first set his sights on the lightweight division, but his challenge to a title fight was declined by lightweight titleholder Lou Ambers. Determined to enter a title fight, Armstrong boldly offered to challenge welterweight champion Barney Ross. Having competed as a featherweight at 126 pounds, Armstrong had to increase his weight to 138 pounds in order to qualify to fight in the welterweight division. He met the minimum weight by upping his calorie intake, drinking beer the days before the bout and a lot of water on the day of weigh-in. When the promoters postponed the bout for 10 days, Armstrong accepted Joe Louis's invitation to train at Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, with Louis paying for all expenses. Ross was favored by odds makers three to one over Armstrong; however, when the two met in Long Island City on May 31, 1938, Armstrong won convincingly on points in 15 rounds, earning his second title, Welterweight Champion of the World.

To pursue his third title, Armstrong dropped back a weight class to compete as a lightweight. The title bout came August 17, 1938, just three months after his fight with Ross, when Armstrong faced lightweight champion Lou Ambers before a packed house of almost 20,000 fans at Madison Square Garden. The fight lasted 15 rounds. Ambers opened a cut on Armstrong's lower lip, and Armstrong, afraid the referee would stop the fight, swallowed the blood throughout the fight and succeeded in winning on points. However, the fight was so brutal that Armstrong blacked out at the end and could later recall very little of what happened. Nonetheless, Armstrong had achieved his goal, becoming simultaneously the undisputed champion of the featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight divisions. The Ring, a boxing magazine, named Armstrong Boxer of the Year for 1938.

Soon after his fight with Ambers, Armstrong, unable to meet the 126-pound limit, relinquished his featherweight title. However, he successfully defended his two other titles 12 times during 1939. Having gained the fame and fortune that was his goal as a young man working on the railroad, Armstrong was able to produce and star in an autobiographical movie, Keep Punching, released in 1939. On August 22, 1939, he lost his lightweight title in a rematch with Ambers, and in 1940 he defended his welterweight crown six times before losing the title to Fritzie Zivic on October 4, 1940. During the fight Armstrong suffered an eye injury that required surgery. In the same year, he fought for an unprecedented fourth title in the middleweight division, but lost to Ceferina Garcia in a controversial decision. The final title bout of his career was a failed attempt to regain the lightweight title in a rematch with Zivic on January 17, 1941. Armstrong was knocked out in the 12-round fight. He continued to box actively until announcing his retirement in 1945 at the age of 32. His final professional record stood at 174 recorded bouts, 145 wins with 98 by knockout. Of 26 title fights, Armstrong won all but four (three losses and a draw). He lost by knockout only two times in his 15 years of boxing.

Entered the Ministry

Over the course of his career, Armstrong earned more than $1 million. However, upon his retirement he found the vast majority of his money had been lost to bad investments, management fees, and extravagant spending habits. During the final years of the 1940s he traveled to China, Burma, and India with Raft as part of a group sent to entertain soldiers. Upon his return, he became a boxing manager for a time, but his increasing use of alcohol led to his arrest in Los Angeles. In 1949 Armstrong experienced a religious conversion and turned his life around. Two years later he was ordained as a Baptist minister at Morning Star Baptist Church. His preaching drew significant crowds to revivals and other meetings. Desiring to help at-risk youth, he created the Henry Armstrong Youth Foundation and funded the organization from the profits of two books he wrote: Twenty Years of Poem, Moods, and Mediations (1954) and his autobiography, Gloves, Glory, and God (1956). He returned to St. Louis in 1972 to become the director of the Herbert Hoover Boys Club. He also continued his ministry as an assistant pastor of the First Baptist Church. Six years later he moved back to Los Angeles.

Armstrong first married in 1934. He and Willa Mae Shony had one daughter, Lanetta. After that marriage ended in divorce, Armstrong married a second time in 1960. Velma Tartt was a former girlfriend from his high school days. She died on the way to the hospital in Armstrong's arms, having suffered chest pains. After a brief third marriage, Armstrong married his fourth wife, Gussie Henry, in 1978. During his final years, Armstrong suffered from numerous illnesses, including cataracts and dementia, commonly attributed to the punishment he took as a boxer. In 1954 he became a charter member of the Boxing Hall of Fame, inducted in its opening year along with Joe Louis and Jack Dempsey. He died of heart failure on October 22, 1988 in Los Angeles. In 1990 his name was added posthumously to the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

Books

African-American Sports Greats: A Biographical Dictionary. edited by David L. Porter, Greenwood Press, 1995.

The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia. edited by David Crystal, Second edition. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Chambers Biographical Dictionary. edited by Melanie Parry, Larousse Kingfisher Chambers Inc., 1997.

Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes, American National Biography, Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 1999.

Hickok, Ralph. A Who's Who of Sports Champions: Their Stories and Records. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.

Online

"Henry Armstrong," Newsmakers 1989, Issue 4. Gale Research, 1989. http://www.galenet.com(December 13, 2000).

"Henry Armstrong," Notable Black American Men, Gale Research, 1998. http://www.galenet.com(December 13, 2000).

"Henry Jackson," Contemporary Authors Online, Gale Research, 1999. http://www.galenet.com(December 13, 2000). □

THE 1930s: SPORTS: PEOPLE IN THE NEWS

Henry Armstrong won the world lightweight champion-ship on 17 August 1938 to add to his welterweight and featherweight titles; he was thus the first man to hold championships in three different weight divisions at once.

James "Cool Papa" Bell of the Pittsburgh Crawfords in the Negro Leagues from 1933-1937, called the fastest base runner in the history of baseball, stole 175 bases in 1933.

Middle-distance runner Bill Bonthron, one of the great milers of the 1930s, won the title Amateur Athlete of the Year in 1934, the same year he set a world record in the 1500-meter.

In 1935 Frank Boucher, center for the New York Rangers hockey team, won his seventh Lady Byng Memorial Trophy in eight years as the league's most gentlemanly player.

On 13 June 1935 James J. Braddock, a 10—1 underdog, defeated Max Baer for the heavyweight title in a fifteen-round decision before 35,000 fans at the Long Island City Bowl.

In 1937 and 1938 Don Budge won the U.S. Open and Wimbledon tennis championships; he led America to two Davis Cups those same years.

In 1933 and 1935-1938 Glenn Cunningham won the United States Championship in the mile run, repeatedly breaking the world record.

From 1933 to 1936 Dizzy Dean (baseball) won 102 Major League Baseball games, including 31 in 1934, when he was named most valuable player in the National League; his career ended in 1937 when he broke his toe in the All-Star Game.

New York Yankees catcher Bill Dickey hit over .300 every year except one throughout the 1930s.

Joe DiMaggio led the American League in home runs in 1937 and batting average (.381) in 1939, the year of his first MVP award. In the four years he played in the 1930s, he had already, as sportswriter Jimmy Cannon observed, made a reservation in Cooperstown.

Philadelphia Athletics power hitter Jimmie Foxx won the Triple Crown in 1934; he hit 58 home runs in 1932 and 48 in 1933, along with 163 RBI and a .356 batting average.

Former second baseman Frankie Frisch managed the Saint Louis Cardinals from 1933 to 1938, winning the world championship in 1934.

Josh Gibson won Negro Leagues home run titles in 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938, and 1939; he hit .440 in 1938, and once, during a Negro Leagues Day game in the decade, hit the ball completely out of Yankee Stadium.

New York Yankee pitcher Lefty Gomez led the American League in strikeouts, ERs, and wins in 1934 and again in 1937; he started four All-Star games through 1937 and won six World Series games without a loss.

Detroit Tiger first baseman Hank Greenberg was American League MVP in 1935; he challenged Babe Ruth's record with 58 home runs in 1938.

In 1930, when the average American League ERA was 4.97, Philadelphia Athletics pitcher Lefty Grove led the league with a 2.95 ERA, 209 strikeouts, and 28 wins, against only 5 losses.

Ralph Guldahl was National Open golf champion in 1937 and 1938, Masters winner in 1939, and Western Open Golf victor from 1936 to 1938.

Chicago Cubs catcher Gabby Hartnett was the best backstop in the National League in the 1930s; in 1938 he hit the "homer in the gloamin'" (the twilight) that broke a 5-5 tie with the Pirates and put the Cubs in the World Series, which they lost in four games.

In 1938 Mel Hein, center (and linebacker) for the New York Giants between 1931 and 1945, became the first and only offensive lineman to win the National Football League Most Valuable Player award; an all-pro for eight consecutive years, he perfected the art of dropping back to protect the quarterback.

Edward A. Hennig won the AAU Indian club swinging championship in 1904 and tied in 1911; he then came back to win again in 1933, 1936, 1937, and 1939, as well as seven times between 1940 and 1951.

Eleanor Holm, gold medal winner in the 100-meter backstroke at the 1932 Olympic Games, went into show business and married Billy Rose, former husband of Fanny Brice.

Carl Hubbell, screwball pitcher for the New York Giants, struck out "Murderers' Row" (Ruth, Gehrig, Foxx, Simmons, and Cronin) consecutively in the 1934 All-Star Game; in 1933 he pitched 46 scoreless innings and was voted National League Most Valuable Player, an award he won again in 1936.

Helen Jacobs was U.S. Open women's tennis champion from 1932 to 1935. She had a devastating chop shot but never beat her rival Helen Wills.

Irving Jaffee, winner of 1932 Olympic gold medals in the 5,000-and 10,000-meter speed skating events, had to pawn his medals during the Depression and was never able to recover them.

Howard Harding Jones, head football coach at the University of Southern California, won twenty-five consecutive games between 1931 and 1933 and led his team to Rose Bowl victories in 1930, 1932, 1933, and 1939.

Bob Kiphuth, Yale University swimming coach for thirty-five years, led his team to 447 victories and only 10 defeats, with a winning streak (163) that lasted from 1926 to 1937.

Philadelphia Phillies outfielder Chuck Klein, Sporting News National League player of the year in 1931 and 1932, was named the league's MVP in 1932 and won the Triple Crown in 1933, when he led the league in four other categories.

Elmer Layden, Notre Dame head coach and one of its legendary "Four Horsemen," won 40, lost 11, tied 2 games from 1934 to 1939 and helped restore the Fighting Irish to the greatness of the Rockne years.

Buck Leonard, first baseman for the Homestead Grays of the Negro Leagues, perennial East-West All-Star, and third-highest-paid player behind Josh Gibson and Satchel Paige, hit .492 in 1939.

Helene Madison won three gold medals in the 1932 Summer Games, setting an Olympic record in the 100-meter freestyle and a world record in the 400-meter freestyle; she was the first woman to swim 100 yards in less than a minute.

In 1938 Alice Marble, U.S. Open tennis champion in 1936, 1938, and 1939, defeated Nancye Wynne of Australia in the shortest women's final on record (twenty-two minutes); Marble was ranked number one in the world between 1936 and 1940 and was the Wimbledon champ in 1939.

New York Yankee manager Joe McCarthy led his team to World Series championships in 1932 and 1936-1939.

Byron Nelson won the Masters golf tournament in 1937 and the U.S. Open title in 1939.

New York Giants right fielder Mel Ott led the league in home runs in 1932, 1934, 1936-1938 (and once more in 1942).

Race car driver Floyd Roberts won the Indianapolis 500 with a record-breaking 117.200 mph in 1938, the best finish for the decade and a record until 1948.

Gene Sarazen won each of the four major golf tournaments at least once in the 1930s.

Defenseman Eddie Shore of the Boston Bruins was named the National Hockey League MVP in 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, and he made the league's all-star starting team seven times.

Helen Stephens, known as the "Missouri Express" and "the world's fastest woman," was a track star of the 1936 Olympics; her gold-medal-winning 11.5 in the 100-meter was unequaled until 1948 and remained a world record until Wilma Rudolph broke it in 1960.

Eddie Tolan set world and Olympic records for the 100-yard dash at 10.3 seconds and an Olympic record for the 200-meter dash at 21.2 seconds in the 1932 Olympics.

Virginia Van Wie won U.S. amateur golf titles in 1932, 1933, and 1934, the year she was named Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year.

H. Ellworth Vines was U.S. Men's Open Singles champion, 1931 and 1932.

Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner finished his 1933-1938 coaching career at Temple University in Philadelphia; he first coached in 1895 at Georgia and then in the late 1920s and early 1930s at Stanford; his lifetime record was 313 wins, 106 losses, and 32 ties.

Kenny Washington lettered in baseball, track, football, and boxing at UCLA between 1936 and 1939; he was Pacific Coast League collegiate batting champion in 1938 and national leader in football for total offense in 1939; in a player poll to determine college all-stars he received the vote of all 103 players who ever opposed him, but, presumably because he was black, he was not named in any of the national all-star polls.

Orfa Washington, called "the black Alice Marble," won eight American Tennis Association titles between 1929 and 1937.

Byron "Whizzer" White, all-American halfback at the University of Colorado, was the first-round draft pick of Pittsburgh football Pirates in 1938; he led the NFL in rushing as a rookie and then studied as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford the next year; he played two seasons with the Detroit Lions before retiring to pursue a career in law; in 1962 he was named to the U.S. Supreme Court.