George Westinghouse

George Westinghouse (1846-1914), American inventor and manufacturer, made substantial contributions to railroad transportation safety and efficiency and to the transmission of electrical power.

George Westinghouse was born in Central Bridge, N.Y., on Oct. 6, 1846. After working in his father's machine factory in Schenectady, George served in the Union Army during the Civil War and then attended Union College for a short time. He received his first patents in 1865. His rotary steam engine proved impractical, but the car-replacer he designed to restore derailed cars to their tracks was successfully marketed.

Westinghouse laid the basis for his fortune when he patented his first air-brake invention in 1869 and organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. A number of patented improvements followed, including the truly revolutionary automatic air brake for trains (1872). He also worked to make all air-brake apparatus standardized and interchangeable and later developed a complete signal system for railroads. He formed the Union Switch and Signal Company in 1882.

Early in the 1880s Westinghouse applied his knowledge of compressed-air problems to the new natural-gas industry and patented several devices for the transmission and measurement of natural gas. This work in turn enabled him to comprehend the problems involved in distributing electrical power. An early convert to alternating current, he acquired European patents covering single-phase alternating-current transmission and organized the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886. The company soon acquired the rights to a new polyphase alternating-current motor designed by Nikola Tesla and thus was equipped to produce power for both lights and motors. Westinghouse successfully advocated the alternating-current system, and in the early 1890s he received contracts to light the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and to develop a power system at Niagara Falls.

An incredibly prolific inventor, Westinghouse obtained an average of more than a patent a month during the 1880s. Among his most significant inventions were the friction gear, geared turbine, and air springs. He lost control of the Westinghouse Electric and the Westinghouse Machine companies in the business crisis of 1907, but his reputation for integrity and wisdom was such that he was one of three trustees appointed to reorganize the mammoth Equitable Life Assurance Company after its collapse at the same time. He died in New York City on March 12, 1914.

Further Reading

Good biographies of Westinghouse are Francis E. Leupp, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (1918), primarily a personal account of the man, and Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse (1921), chiefly useful for its technical explanations of Westinghouse's inventions. Also useful is H. Gordon Garbedian, George Westinghouse: A Fabulous Inventor (1943). For a good but dated appreciation of Westinghouse's financial achievements see Theodore J. Grayson, Leaders and Periods of American Finance (1932), as well as various Westinghouse Company publications. □

Westinghouse, George (1846–1914), inventor, industrialist.Born in Central Bridge, New York, Westinghouse worked as an apprentice in his father's machine shop. During the Civil War, he served as an engineering officer in the U.S. Navy. After the war, Westinghouse devoted himself to invention, and in 1869 he patented the railroad air brake. Until then, brakemen stopped trains by manually applying brakes in each car. Westinghouse perfected a compressed air system; by operating a valve in the locomotive, the engineer could now brake all cars simultaneously. To manufacture and market this invention, Westinghouse moved to Pittsburgh where, over the next four decades, he became a major industrialist, establishing sixty firms that produced railway signals and heavy machinery.

Westinghouse entered the electrical field in 1884. Because the electrical industry was dominated by Thomas Edison's direct‐current (DC) system, Westinghouse focused on alternating current (AC). Employing a transformer designed by William Stanley and a motor invented by the Croatian immigrant Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), the Westinghouse system enabled utilities to serve more customers over a wider area and hence lowered the cost of electricity. Threatened by AC, the Edison company attacked Westinghouse's system, claiming that high‐voltage AC would electrocute people. Insisting that AC was safe, Westinghouse used it at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair to power 100,000 electric lights. AC ultimately prevailed when Westinghouse engineers employed it to transmit power from Niagara Falls in 1896. Thanks to Westinghouse's vision, America enjoyed the benefits of low‐cost electric power and he grew wealthy as the founder of one of the nation's great industrial corporations.
See also Electricity and Electrification; Illumination; Industrialization; Railroads; World's Fairs and Expositions.

Bibliography

Henry G. Leupp , A Life of George Westinghouse, 1922.
Thomas P. Hughes , Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930, 1982.

W. Bernard Carlson

George Westinghouse 1846–1914, American inventor and manufacturer, b. Central Bridge, N.Y. In the Civil War he served in the Union army and navy. Among his inventions in the railroad field were a reversible frog, the air brake (1868), and automatic signal devices. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was organized in 1869 and the Union Switch and Signal Company in 1882. Westinghouse was a pioneer in introducing into the United States the high-voltage alternating current system for transmission of electricity. In 1866 the Westinghouse Electric Company was incorporated. The inventor also patented devices for the transmission of natural gas. Over 400 patents were credited to him in his lifetime.

Westinghouse, George (1846–1914) US engineer and inventor. The best known of his hundreds of inventions was the air brake, which made high-speed rail travel safe. He formed the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886.