Middle Eastern Physical Geography

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Euphrates

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2008 | Copyright

Euphrates , Turkish Frat, Arabic Al Furat, river of SW Asia, c.1,700 mi (2,740 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Kara and the Murad rivers, E central Turkey, and flowing generally S through Turkey into Syria, then SE through Iraq, joining with the Tigris River in SE Iraq to form the Shatt al Arab; the united river flows into the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates is unnavigable except for very shallow-draft vessels; a drainage project was begun in the 1960s involving the construction of a 342 mi (550 km) canal running between the Tigris and Euphrates to serve as a route for river barges.

In its upper course, the Euphrates flows rapidly through deep canyons and narrow gorges. In 1990, the Atatürk Dam, the first in the Southeastern Anatolia project in Turkey, was completed. Plans ultimately call for 22 dams on the Tigris and Euphrates that altogether will provide enough water to irrigate over 3,700,000 acres (1.5 million hectares) of land. A series of hydroelectric power stations will also be built. This huge diversion of water in Turkey may have serious implications for other countries, such as Syria and Iraq, that rely on the river.

The middle Euphrates traverses a wide floodplain in Syria, where it is used extensively for irrigation. Euphrates Dam, 230 ft (70 m) high, constructed with Soviet aid at Tabqa, N Syria, is the main unit of the Tabqa Barrage Scheme. The huge reservoir impounded by the dam provides electrical power but has failed to transform the region into a productive agricultural area. Below the dam the Euphrates receives the Belikh and Khabur rivers, its only major tributaries.

Entering the Syrian Desert and the plains of Iraq, the river loses velocity and becomes a sluggish stream with shifting channels. In N Iraq it is studded with islands, some with remains of old castles. The river's lower course supplies water through a system of dams and canals to allow wheat and barley cultivation. Flooding and overirrigation have resulted in serious problems of soil salinization. Before merging with the Tigris at Basra, Iraq, the Euphrates divided into many channels, forming a marshland and Lake Hammar. The marshes were drained in the early 1990s to increase Iraqi government control over the Shitte Marsh Arabs living there; restoration of the marshes began in 2003, and roughly half the marshes had been restored by 2006.

The modern waterworks along the Euphrates do not equal in scope those of ancient times when Sippar, Uruk, Ur, and Babylon flourished on the banks of the lower Euphrates. Mesopotamia, birthplace of many great civilizations, depended on the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris for survival. However, as the maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks was neglected, the siltation of canals and the salinization of fields eventually made the land unsuitable for agriculture.

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Euphrates

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Euphrates (Turkish: Firat; Arabic: Furāt), Turkey‐Syria‐Iraq A river whose name may be derived from its Akkadian name Purat from ur ‘river’ and at ‘father’ to give ‘father of rivers’ or ‘great river’. Euphrates in ancient Greek, from the Hebrew Perath, is said to mean ‘sweet water’ from eu ‘pleasing’. The Euphrates is mentioned in the Bible (Genesis 2: 14) and in Deuteronomy 1: 7 it is called ‘the great river, the river Euphrates’. Its headwaters are the Karasu ‘black, or muddy, river’ from the Turkish kara ‘black’ and su ‘river’ and the Murat ‘(river of) desire’ from the Turkish murat ‘desire’ or ‘wish’.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Euphrates." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Euphrates." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 9, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Euphrates.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Euphrates." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved February 09, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Euphrates.html

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Euphrates

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Euphrates (Firat) River of sw Asia. Formed by the confluence of the rivers Murat and Karasu, it flows from e Turkey across Syria into central Iraq, where it joins the River Tigris nw of Basra to form the Shatt al Arab, and eventually flows into the Persian Gulf. The ancient civilizations of Babylonia and Assyria developed along the lower Euphrates, including the cities of Babylon and Ur. Length: 2800km (1740mi).

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Euphrates

A Dictionary of the Bible | 1997 | | Copyright

Euphrates One of four rivers mentioned in Gen. 2: 14 which seems to have acted as the northernmost boundary of Israelite territory under David (2 Sam. 8: 3). Its waters irrigated the area towards the River Tigris and the land became the cradle of civilization. It is often referred to in the OT simply as ‘the river’.

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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Euphrates." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Euphrates." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 9, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Euphrates.html

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Euphrates." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved February 09, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Euphrates.html

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Euphrates

Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes | 2007 | Copyright

Euphrates •atlantes, Cervantes •Ecclesiastes • penates • gentes •Orestes, testes, Thyestes •Achates, Euphrates •diabetes • striptease •pyrites, Stylites, troglodytes •Orontes • Boötes • Procrustes •Harpocrates, Hippocrates, Isocrates, Socrates •litotes • Surtees • Dives

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