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Esdras
Esdras [Gr. from Heb. Ezra ], name of several books found in the Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha . The New Revised Standard Version (following the Authorized Version) maintains the titles Ezra and Nehemiah for the books to which the Vulgate gives the titles First and Second Esdras respectively. The Septuagint gives the title Second Esdras to a work in which both books are combined. In the Hebrew Bible, Ezra and Nehemiah are also a combined work. The New Revised Standard Version's and Septuagint's First Esdras compile the whole of Ezra, sections of Second Chronicles and Nehemiah, and a story about Darius the Persian's bodyguards. In the Vulgate this work is entitled Third Esdras. The work known as Second Esdras in the Apocrypha of the Authorized Version and New Revised Standard Version is given the title Fourth Esdras (=Fourth Ezra) in the Vulgate. Part of this work is a Jewish apocalypse extant in Latin; other parts are Christian additions. Many consider it the most theologically perceptive of the Jewish apocalypses. The original language was probably Hebrew or Aramaic, from which a Greek translation was made; however, none of these versions exist. The work, which most critics date after AD 100, is a response to the destruction (AD 70) of Jerusalem. See Apocrypha ; J. M. Myers, I and II Esdras (1974); J. H. Charlesworth, ed., Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (Vol. I, 1983); M. Stone, Fourth Ezra (1990). |
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"Esdras." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Esdras." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Esdras.html "Esdras." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Esdras.html |
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Esdras, books of
Esdras, books of Esdras is the Greek form of the name Ezra. The first book of Esdras is an alternative Greek version of part of 2 Chron., the whole of Ezra, and part of Nehemiah, and is included in the LXX together with the primary version of those works. It is therefore a work of history. In the Latin Vulgate the work is called 3 Esdras and is placed in an appendix in Roman Catholic bibles. (The title 1 and 2 Esdras is accorded in the Vulgate to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.)
The book concentrates on the worship of the Temple and opens with an account of Josiah's reform of 621 BCE and ends with Ezra's reform (c.440 BCE). (Eastern Orthodox Christians regard 1 Esdras as deuterocanonical scripture.) Chs. 3 to 14 of 2 Esdras, which was written in the 1st cent. CE, are a Jewish apocalypse consisting of revelations given in seven visions, published under the pseudonym of Ezra; there are Christian additions at the beginning and end which are sometimes designated respectively 5 and 6 Ezra. The rest of the work is sometimes also called 4 Esdras or 4 Ezra. It is known now only in various translations, including Latin, and is included in the appendix to the Vulgate. There is a remarkably honest discussion about human sin and how God deals with sinners, with a promise that the righteous will not lose their reward after they have died. Both 1 and 2 Esdras appear in the Apocrypha of Protestant Bibles (e.g. NRSV, REB). |
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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Esdras, books of." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. W. R. F. BROWNING. "Esdras, books of." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Esdrasbooksof.html W. R. F. BROWNING. "Esdras, books of." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Esdrasbooksof.html |
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Esdras, Books of
Esdras, Books of. Various Jewish biblical books. ‘Esdras’ is the Gk. and Lat. form of Ezra. Confusion results from the differences between the books of this title in the Septuagint, Vulgate (and hence some Catholic Bibles) and Apocrypha in English Bibles. These correspond as follows:
2 Esdras, and specifically chs. 3–14, is also known as the ‘Ezra Apocalypse’. It describes seven visions: the first three concern the destruction of Jerusalem and the problem of evil; the sixth (ch. 13) is of the victorious Messiah, described as ‘son of man’. It is usually dated toward the end of the 1st cent. CE. |
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JOHN BOWKER. "Esdras, Books of." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Esdras, Books of." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-EsdrasBooksof.html JOHN BOWKER. "Esdras, Books of." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-EsdrasBooksof.html |
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Esdras
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PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Esdras." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Esdras." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Esdras.html PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Esdras." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Esdras.html |
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Esdras
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Esdras." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Esdras." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Esdras.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Esdras." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Esdras.html |
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Esdras
Esdras
•alas, Alsace, amass, ass, Bass, chasse, crass, crevasse, en masse, gas, Hamas, lass, mass, morass, sass, tarantass, tass, wrasse
•Díaz • Phidias • palliasse
•materfamilias, paterfamilias
•Asturias • Aphrodisias • Trias
•Donbas • Vargas • Ofgas • biogas
•teargas • jackass • Hellas • Ulfilas
•Stanislas • Candlemas • landmass
•Martinmas • biomass • Childermas
•Esdras • Mithras • hippocras
•sassafras • demitasse • gravitas
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"Esdras." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Esdras." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 25, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Esdras.html "Esdras." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Esdras.html |
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