Devonian The Devonian System was first recognized as a major Palaeozoic stratigraphical unit in its own right by Adam Sedgwick and R. I. Murchison in 1839. Their researchers in south-west England had convinced them that it was younger than the Silurian System of Wales and the Welsh Borderland and at the same time older than the Carboniferous Limestone. Its correlation with the Old Red Sandstone of England and Wales was also recognized. The system is conventionally divided into three series and seven stages on the basis of its marine faunas. Devonian rocks occur on all the continents, cropping out over some 77 500 00 square kilometres. The period lasted from around 410 Ma to 355 Ma.

The biostratigraphy of Devonian marine facies is based upon conodonts or, in certain facies, upon ammonoids. The continental non-marine facies is divisible on the basis of its vertebrate faunas and macroplant or spore assemblages. The base of the system has by international agreement on the recommendation of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) been defined at the base of the Lochkovian Stage, which is also the base of the graptolite zone of Monograptus uniformis uniformis and of the conodont Icriodus woschmidti. The global stratotype section and point is at Klonk in the Czech Republic, and in 1970 was the first such point to be designated formally by the ICS.

Other regional stages based on marine biostratigraphy have been used in the USA, the former USSR, and China, but the chronostratigraphy advocated by the ICS is now increasingly used.

The Devonian continents were gathered into groupings inherited from the early Palaeozoic, with a major Gondwana land-mass in the southern hemisphere and four separate continents in the equatorial and north temperate latitudes (Fig.1). Laurentia (N. America) and Baltica (Europe) became sutured together in late Silurian time to give the single continental block, Laurussia. This was separated from Angaraland (Siberia) to the north by a narrow ocean, and from Kazakhstania by a somewhat wider one to the east. China remained isolated at the eastern end of this group of continental blocks. Orogenic and mountainous chains existed along the Caledonide–Appalachian belt from northern Greenland to the south-eastern USA, and in the Ural region. Minor uplifts occurred in western North America. There were pronounced upland belts in Kazakhstania, Siberia, and China, where volcanic activity also persisted. Orogeny continued spasmodically in many of these regions throughout the period. In Gondwanaland the western seaboard of South America from Colombia to southern Argentina was the setting for much volcanic and tectonic activity. At the other end of the supercontinent, eastern Australia experienced similar events. Shallow epeiric seas flooded great areas of the continents, especially in mid- and later Devonian times. In the equatorial regions this allowed the spread of carbonate sedimentation and, locally, the precipitation of thick evaporites. Reef growth took place in many areas of western Canada, eastern central USA, western and central Europe, and in Russia, China, and parts of Australia.

Clastic sedimentation around the continental margins was generally at a gentle pace, but with notable exceptions in the vicinity of orogenic uplifts. Here, thick clastic wedges soon built up, giving rise to the continental facies, the Old Red Sandstone, as in the North Atlantic area, Arctic Canada, and parts of China and eastern Australia. During late Devonian time black shale events occurred, induced by phases of anoxia in the shallow epeiric waters. Eustatic changes of sea level have left widespread effects, and several cycles of transgressive– regressive movement of the strandline are well documented in North America, Europe, and Asia.

There is abundant evidence of Devonian continental glaciation in southern South America, but the extent, volume, and age of the ice mass is uncertain. While palaeontological and sedimentological evidence points to tropical, even monsoonal, climates in the equatorial regions, there are also indications of cool- or cold-water animal communities in South America. To what extent the glacial phase or phases contributed to eustatic changes is conjectural, but it was probably only on a minor scale. Ocean-ridge volcanism and tectonics may have been more significant.

Life in the equatorial shallow waters was prolific to the extent of providing organic matter for the accumulation of large volumes of oil and gas. Bottom-dwelling communities were widespread and diverse. Brachiopods reached their heyday during this period and there were also many few families of both the rugose and the tabulate corals. Corals and stromatoporoids were, with the algae, builders of chains of reefs in parts of North America, Europe, North Africa, many parts of Asia, and Australia. Reefs and the waters about them offered habitats to many new bivalves and other molluscs, a somewhat declining number of trilobite families, and new groups of crinoids. Some calcareous foraminifera now began to make their appearance in vast numbers. Among the larger pelagic animals none were more successful than the ammonoids. Beginning with small uncoiled forms in the early Devonian, their rapid radiation give rise to widespread quickly evolving forms. The tiny conical shells known as dacryoconarids were also abundant and evolving rapidly at this time, but only a few dendroid graptoloids remained from the Silurian faunas. The ostracodes included both marine and freshwater forms, and the scorpion-like eurypterids were now formidable members of the freshwater communities.

The conodont vertebrate animals reached the zenith of their existence during the Devonian, with species living in several different marine environments. Their pelagic existence and rapid evolution make them ideal for biostratigraphy and global correlation. During this period the agnathan and gnathostome fishes, too, gave rise to many distinctive groups: the armoured ostracoderm and placoderms, the bony fishes, and elasmobranchs to populate marine and freshwater environments. Towards the end of the period the first tetrapod amphibia had evolved from advanced bony fish. Their terrestrial mode of life was possible in the great swamp forests of middle and later Devonian times. At the start of the period the only vascular (land) plants were primitive psilophytes, but in Middle Devonian time these disappeared and were replaced by the ‘Archaeopteris flora’ with fern-like leaves and spore-bearing organs. The later forests also included horsetail ferns, seed ferns, and lycopods. Within these forests there were also numbers of insects, including some with the power of flight.

Towards the end of the period a crisis occurred that affected many marine animal communities. On the other hand, the forests and the freshwater and terrestrial communities do not seem to have been affected. Among the marine groups to suffer heavily were certain brachiopods, trilobites, conodonts, and corals. There seems to be evidence that a sudden catastrophic event, such as a meteorite impact, caused immediate significant changes, but elsewhere the extinction seems to have taken some time. The scenario proposed is like that offered for the Cretacous extinction, but is less convincing. An alternative and tentative explanation of this culling of the marine biota is that glaciation in the south polar area caused sufficient cooling of the surface ocean waters to bring about the collapse of the reef communities. Both processes may have taken place.

D. L. Dineley

Bibliography

Dineley, D. L. (1984) Aspects of a stratigraphic system: the Devonian. Macmillan, London.
McMillan, N. J., Embry, A. F., and Glass, D. J. (eds) (1988) Devonian of the world. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.

Devonian

The Devonian period, from 437 to 408 million years ago, was named for the English county where it was first identified. It has sometimes been called the Age of Fishes. Spectacular fish fossils abound in the massive Old Red Sandstone sediments that covered a large portion of Laurasia, the super-continent that would later split apart to form Europe, Greenland, and North America. These fossils indicate that a vast radiation (or divergence) in size and function was taking place among Devonian vertebrates. The jawless Agnathans had multiplied into many groups distributed around the world by the late Silurian (438 mya). Then, in the Devonian, came the fish, which developed jaws and were such successful competitors that the Agnathans were reduced almost to extinction, with only the lampreys and hagfish as their descendants.

Vast schools of eight-to-ten-inch spined fishes, the Acanthodians, swam in the mid-deep waters (beyond the continental shelf). Some were toothless, but many had razor-sharp teeth and devoured huge quantities of the bony fish, which also swam in great numbers in the clear warm seas. The bony fish included the ray fin, the lungfish, and the fleshy, lobe-finned ancestors of amphibians. Enormous placoderms, up to thirty feet in length, dominated the oceans with their armored bodies and tooth-lined, hinged jaws. Early sharks arose, possibly from placoderms, whom they would replace as the

reigning predators of the deep by the end of the Devonian period. And vast coral reefs, some hundreds of miles long, transformed the shallow waters into virtual metropolises swarming with marine life at all levels.

Even more exciting than the proliferation of sea fauna was the evolutionary step toward dry land. Fish began exploring up the brackish estu-aries into freshwater, followed by ravenous six-foot sea scorpions, the fearsome Eurypterids. The lobe-finned fish ventured into shallower and shallower water, eventually developing the rudimentary lungs that would allow them to breathe air. Next, their explorations on the muddy shores encouraged innovations in skeletons and fins that allowed them to support their weight in the stronger pull of gravity of the new environment. Gradually, the lower paired fins developed into the four limbs of amphibians. The most complete fossil of an early tetrapod (four-limbed) amphibian comes from the tropical swamps of Devonian Greenland. Ichthyostega was a lumbering, forty-inch carnivore, the ancestor of all existing land vertebrates.

Yet another major innovation occurred in the Devonian. As the earliest plants and invertebrates made their way onto land, they formed cooperative communities that make possible life as it exists today. Preserved in the Rhynie Cherts of Scotland are perfect slices of pondside life from the period. The minerals (silicon) in the water formed fossil images of the plants. These fossils show the first plants that grew and decomposed to form the first humus-rich soils on the Earth. Living amongst them were the earliest terrestrial arthropods : scorpions, mites, and spider-like arachnids. These tiny animals are responsible for breaking down organic material and releasing the nutrients back into the soil. Without this decomposition activity there could be no larger plants and therefore no land animals. This 400-million-year-old partnership between microscopic plants and animals is a fundamental feature of life as we know it.

see also Geologic Time Scale.

Nancy Weaver

Bibliography

Fortey, Richard. Fossils: The Key to the Past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Friday, Adrian, and David S. Ingram, eds. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Lambert, David. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File, 1985.

McLoughlan, John C. Synapsida: A New Look Into the Origin of Mammals. New York: Viking Press, 1980.

Steele, Rodney, and Anthony Harvey, eds. The Encyclopedia of Prehistoric Life. New York: McGraw Hill, 1979.

Devonian period

In geologic time , the Devonian Period, the fourth period of the Paleozoic Era , covers the time roughly 410 million years ago (mya) until 360 mya.

The Devonian Period spans three epochs. The Early Devonian Epoch is the most ancient, followed in sequence by the Middle Devonian Epoch, and the Late Devonian Epoch.

The Early Devonian Epoch is divided chronologically (from the most ancient to the most recent) into the Gedinnian, Siegenian, and Emsian stages. The Middle Devonian Epoch is divided chronologically (from the most ancient to the most recent) into the Eifelian and Givetian stages. The Late Devonian Epoch is divided chronologically (from the most ancient to the most recent) into the Frasnian and Famennian stages.

In terms of paleogeography (the study of the evolution of the continents from supercontinents and the establishment of geologic features), the Devonian Period featured continued cleavage of supercontinent landmass and fusion of plates into the supercontinent Laurasia and eventually the supercontinent Pangaea.

Differentiated by fossil remains and continental movements, the Silurian Period preceded the Devonian Period. The Devonian is followed in geologic time by the Carboniferous Period (360 mya to 286 mya). In many modern geological texts, especially those in the United States, the time of Carboniferous Period covered by two alternate geologic periods, the Mississippian Period (360 mya to 325 mya) and the Pennsylvanian Period (325 mya to 286 mya). A mass extinction marks the end of the Devonian Period. In accord with a mass extinction, many fossils dated to the Devonian Period are not found in Carboniferous Period (i.e., alternatively, Mississippian Period and Pennsylvanian Period) formations.

The Devonian Period marked a geologically active period. The North American and European continents—with more tropical climates due to more equatorial positions—drifted together. As a result, the two continents share a similar fossil record for the Devonian Period. Similar fossil finds dating to the Devonian Period are found in Germany, Canada, and the United States.

The fossil record indicates that it was during the Devonian Period (also termed the "Age of Fishes" because of the appearance of sharks and bony fishes) that amphibians and more terrestrial (land based) vertebrates evolved. Seed plants also appeared, continuing a diversification and development of botanical species, especially vascular plants. By the end of the Devonian Period, the first forests appeared.

There were a number of major impacts from large meteorites that date to the Devonian Period. Similar to the K-T event , many scientists argue that these impacts could have provided the environmental stresses that eliminated approximately 25% of Devonian Period species. Impact craters dating to the Devonian Period have been identified in modern China, Canada, Russia, and Sweden.

See also Archean; Cambrian Period; Cenozoic Era; Cretaceous Period; Dating methods; Eocene Epoch; Evolution, evidence of; Fossils and fossilization; Historical geology; Holocene Epoch; Jurassic Period; Mesozoic Era; Miocene Epoch; Oligocene Epoch; Ordovician Period; Paleocene Epoch; Phanerozoic Eon; Pleistocene Epoch; Pliocene Epoch; Precambrian; Proterozoic Era; Quaternary Period; Tertiary Period; Triassic Period

Devonian period , fourth period of the Paleozoic era of geologic time between 408 and 360 million years ago (see Geologic Timescale , table). It was named (1838) by the geologists Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and Adam Sedgwick for Devonshire, England, where they first investigated rocks formed during the period. The Devonian period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwanaland drew closer together. Pangaea began to consolidate the plates containing North America and Europe (see plate tectonics ), further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonides in Britain and Scandinavia. For much of the Devonian, large areas of North America and Europe, and smaller parts of Africa, South America, and Australia were covered by seas, which withdrew during the Upper Devonian. The Cordilleran area of North America was submerged, depositing from 4,000 to 6,000 ft (1,200–1,800 m) of limestone and shale in Nevada and 2,400 ft (730 m) of quartzites and limestones in Utah. The Devonian period in Europe was marked by considerable volcanic activity and the deposition of two great rock systems: the marine formation of Devonshire, the Rhine valley, and Russia; and the Old Red Sandstone . The climate was relatively warm everywhere on the earth. The most notable Devonian animals were the jawed and bony fishes, which appeared in great numbers toward the close of the period. Conspicuous types were sharks, armored fishes, lungfishes, and ganoid fishes. Common invertebrates of the Devonian were crinoids, starfishes, sponges, and early ammonites; trilobites and graptolites became scarcer. An unusual surge of coral reef growth also occurred and corals were never again as prolific. Of land animals, the chief vestige is the footprint of a primitive salamanderlike amphibian in the Upper Devonian of Pennsylvania. Trees made their first appearance; the Devonian plants were the earliest to be extensively preserved as fossils, but their high degree of development suggests that more primitive forms existed earlier.

Devonian The fourth of the six periods of the Palaeozoic Era, from about 408–360 Ma ago, and the first period of the Upper Palaeozoic Sub-era. In Europe there are both marine and continental facies present, the latter being commonly known as the Old Red Sandstone. Although originally described from the type area in Devon, the marine Devonian is subdivided stratigraphically into stages established in the exceptionally fossiliferous deposits of the Ardennes in Belgium. These stages are the Gedinnian (408–401 Ma ago), Siegennian (401–394 Ma ago), and Emsian (394–387 Ma ago) of the Lower Devonian, the Eifelian (also called Couvinian, 387–380 Ma ago) and Givetian (380–374 Ma ago) of the Middle Devonian, and the Frasnian (374–367 Ma ago) and Famennian (367–360 Ma ago) of the Upper Devonian. The subdivision of the marine deposits is based on lithologies and the presence of an abundant invertebrate fauna including goniatites (Ammonoidea) and spiriferid brachiopods (Spiriferida). The continental Old Red Sandstone deposits contain a fauna of jawless fish and plants belonging to the primitive psilophyte group. As a result of the Caledonian orogeny of late Silurian times, much of the British Isles was covered with continental red-bed facies. Fossils of vascular plants are abundant in Devonian beds; the Rhynie chert flora (Middle Devonian) consists of well preserved psilophytes (see PSILOPHYTALES).

Devonian The fourth of the six periods of the Palaeozoic Era and the first of the Upper Palaeozoic Sub-era. It began about 480.5 Ma ago and ended about 362.5 Ma ago. In Europe there are both marine and continental facies present, the latter being commonly known as the Old Red Sandstone. Although originally described from the type area in Devon, the marine Devonian is subdivided stratigraphically into stages established in the exceptionally fossiliferous deposits of the Ardennes in Belgium. These stages are the Gedinnian (408–401 Ma), Siegennian (401–394 Ma), and Emsian (394–387 Ma) of the Lower Devonian, the Eifelian (387–380 Ma) and Givetian (380–374 Ma) of the Middle Devonian, and the Frasnian (374–367 Ma) and Famennian (367–360 Ma) of the Upper Devonian. The subdivision of the marine deposits is based on lithologies and the presence of an abundant invertebrate fauna including goniatites (Ammonoidea) and spiriferid brachiopods (Spiriferida). The continental Old Red Sandstone deposits contain a fauna of jawless fish and plants belonging to the primitive psilophyte group. As a result of the Caledonian orogeny of late Silurian times, much of the British Isles was covered with continental red-bed facies. Fossils of vascular plants are abundant in Devonian beds; the Rhynie chert flora (Middle Devonian) consists of well-preserved psilophytes.

Devonian The fourth of the six periods of the Palaeozoic Era, about 416–359.2 Ma ago, and the first period of the Upper Palaeozoic Sub-Era. In Europe there are both marine and continental facies present, the latter being commonly known as the Old Red Sandstone. Although originally described from the type area in Devon, the marine Devonian is subdivided stratigraphically into stages established in the exceptionally fossiliferous deposits of the Ardennes in Belgium. These stages are the Gedinnian (416–411.2 Ma ago), Siegennian (411.2–400 Ma ago), and Emsian (400–390 Ma ago) of the Lower Devonian, the Eifelian (also called Couvinian, 390–380 Ma ago) and Givetian (380–375 Ma ago) of the Middle Devonian, and the Frasnian (375–370 Ma ago) and Famennian (370–359.2 Ma ago) of the Upper Devonian. The subdivision of the marine deposits is based on lithologies and the presence of an abundant invertebrate fauna including goniatites (Ammonoidea) and spiriferid brachiopods (Spiriferida). The continental Old Red Sandstone deposits contain a fauna of jawless fish and plants belonging to the primitive psilophyte group. As a result of the Caledonian orogeny ( mountain-building episode) of late Silurian times, much of the British Isles was covered with continental red-bed facies.

Devonian The fourth of the six periods of the Palaeozoic Era and the first of the Upper Palaeozoic Sub-era. It began about 408.5 Ma ago and ended about 362.5 Ma ago. In Europe there are both marine and continental facies present, the latter being commonly known as the Old Red Sandstone. Although originally described from the type area in Devon, the marine Devonian is subdivided stratigraphically into stages established in the exceptionally fossiliferous deposits of the Ardennes in Belgium. These stages are the Gedinnian (408.5–401 Ma), Siegennian (401–394 Ma), and Emsian (394–387 Ma) of the Lower Devonian, the Eifelian (387–380 Ma) and Givetian (380–374 Ma) of the Middle Devonian, and the Frasnian (374–367 Ma) and Famennian (367–362.5 Ma) of the Upper Devonian. The subdivision of the marine deposits is based on lithologies and the presence of an abundant invertebrate fauna including goniatites and spiriferid brachiopods. The continental Old Red Sandstone deposits contain a fauna of jawless fish and plants belonging to the primitive psilophyte group. As a result of the Caledonian orogeny of late Silurian times, much of the British Isles was covered with continental red-bed facies.

Devonian A geological period in the Palaeozoic era that extended from the end of the Silurian (about 408 million years ago) to the beginning of the Carboniferous (about 360 million years ago). It was named by Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873) and Roderick Murchison(1792–1871) in 1839. The Devonian is divided into seven stages based on invertebrate fossil remains, such as corals, brachiopods, ammonoids, and crinoids, found in marine deposits. There were also extensive continental deposits consisting of conglomerates, red silts, and sandstones, forming the Old Red Sandstone facies. Fossils in the Old Red Sandstone include fishes and the earliest land plants (see rhyniophytes; trimerophytes; zosterophyllophytes). Graptolites became extinct early in the Devonian and the trilobites declined.

Devonian Fourth-oldest period of the Palaeozoic era, lasting from 408 to 360 million years ago. Numerous marine and freshwater remains include jawless fishes and forerunners of today's bony and cartilaginous fishes. The first known land vertebrate, the amphibian Ichthyostega, appeared at this time. Land animals included scorpions, mites, spiders, and the first insects. Land plants included club moss, scouring rushes, and ferns.

De·vo·ni·an / diˈvōnēən/ • adj. 1. of or relating to Devon. 2. Geol. of, relating to, or denoting the fourth period of the Paleozoic era, between the Silurian and Carboniferous periods. • n. 1. a native or inhabitant of Devon. 2. (the Devonian) Geol. the Devonian period or the system of rocks deposited during it.

Devonian •antipodean, Crimean, Judaean, Korean •Albion •Gambian, Zambian •lesbian •Arabian, Bessarabian, Fabian, gabion, Sabian, Swabian •amphibian, Libyan, Namibian •Sorbian •Danubian, Nubian •Colombian • Serbian • Nietzschean •Chadian, Trinidadian •Andean, Kandyan •guardian •Acadian, Akkadian, Arcadian, Barbadian, Canadian, circadian, Grenadian, Hadean, Orcadian, Palladian, radian, steradian •Archimedean, comedian, epicedian, median, tragedian •ascidian, Derridean, Dravidian, enchiridion, Euclidean, Floridian, Gideon, Lydian, meridian, Numidian, obsidian, Pisidian, quotidian, viridian •Amerindian, Indian •accordion, Edwardian •Cambodian, collodion, custodian, melodeon, nickelodeon, Odeon •Freudian • Bermudian • Burundian •Burgundian •Falstaffian, Halafian •Christadelphian, Delphian, Philadelphian •nymphean • ruffian • Brobdingnagian •Carolingian • Swedenborgian •logion, Muskogean •Jungian •magian, Pelagian •collegian •callipygian, Cantabrigian, Phrygian, Stygian •Merovingian • philologian • Fujian •Czechoslovakian • Pickwickian •Algonquian • Chomskian •Kentuckian •battalion, galleon, medallion, rapscallion, scallion •Anglian, ganglion •Heraklion •Dalian, Malian, Somalian •Chellean, Machiavellian, Orwellian, Sabellian, Trevelyan, triskelion •Wesleyan •alien, Australian, bacchanalian, Castalian, Deucalion, episcopalian, Hegelian, madrigalian, mammalian, Pygmalion, Salian, saturnalian, sesquipedalian, tatterdemalion, Thessalian, Westphalian •anthelion, Aristotelian, Aurelian, carnelian, chameleon, Karelian, Mendelian, Mephistophelian, Pelion, Sahelian •Abbevillian, Azilian, Brazilian, caecilian, Castilian, Chilean, Churchillian, civilian, cotillion, crocodilian, epyllion, Gillian, Lilian, Maximilian, Pamphylian, pavilion, postilion, Quintilian, reptilian, Sicilian, Tamilian, vaudevillian, vermilion, Virgilian •Aeolian, Anatolian, Eolian, Jolyon, Mongolian, napoleon, simoleon •Acheulian, Boolean, cerulean, Friulian, Julian, Julien •bullion •mullion, scullion, Tertullian •Liverpudlian •Bahamian, Bamian, Damian, Mesopotamian, Samian •anthemion, Bohemian •Endymion, prosimian, Simeon, simian •isthmian • antinomian •Permian, vermian •Oceanian •Albanian, Azanian, Iranian, Jordanian, Lithuanian, Mauritanian, Mediterranean, Panamanian, Pennsylvanian, Pomeranian, Romanian, Ruritanian, Sassanian, subterranean, Tasmanian, Transylvanian, Tripolitanian, Turanian, Ukrainian, Vulcanian •Armenian, Athenian, Fenian, Magdalenian, Mycenaean (US Mycenean), Slovenian, Tyrrhenian •Argentinian, Arminian, Augustinian, Carthaginian, Darwinian, dominion, Guinean, Justinian, Ninian, Palestinian, Sardinian, Virginian •epilimnion, hypolimnion •Bosnian •Bornean, Californian, Capricornian •Aberdonian, Amazonian, Apollonian, Babylonian, Baconian, Bostonian, Caledonian, Catalonian, Chalcedonian, Ciceronian, Devonian, draconian, Estonian, Etonian, gorgonian, Ionian, Johnsonian, Laconian, Macedonian, Miltonian, Newtonian, Oregonian, Oxonian, Patagonian, Plutonian, Tennysonian, Tobagonian, Washingtonian •Cameroonian, communion, Mancunian, Neptunian, Réunion, union •Hibernian, Saturnian •Campion, champion, Grampian, rampion, tampion •thespian • Mississippian • Olympian •Crispian •Scorpian, scorpion •cornucopian, dystopian, Ethiopian, Salopian, subtopian, Utopian •Guadeloupian •Carian, carrion, clarion, Marian •Calabrian, Cantabrian •Cambrian • Bactrian •Lancastrian, Zoroastrian •Alexandrian • Maharashtrian •equestrian, pedestrian •agrarian, antiquarian, apiarian, Aquarian, Arian, Aryan, authoritarian, barbarian, Bavarian, Bulgarian, Caesarean (US Cesarean), centenarian, communitarian, contrarian, Darien, disciplinarian, egalitarian, equalitarian, establishmentarian, fruitarian, Gibraltarian, grammarian, Hanoverian, humanitarian, Hungarian, latitudinarian, libertarian, librarian, majoritarian, millenarian, necessarian, necessitarian, nonagenarian, octogenarian, ovarian, Parian, parliamentarian, planarian, predestinarian, prelapsarian, proletarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, quodlibetarian, Rastafarian, riparian, rosarian, Rotarian, sabbatarian, Sagittarian, sanitarian, Sauveterrian, sectarian, seminarian, septuagenarian, sexagenarian, topiarian, totalitarian, Trinitarian, ubiquitarian, Unitarian, utilitarian, valetudinarian, vegetarian, veterinarian, vulgarian •Adrian, Hadrian •Assyrian, Illyrian, Syrian, Tyrian •morion • Austrian •Dorian, Ecuadorean, historian, Hyperborean, Nestorian, oratorian, praetorian (US pretorian), salutatorian, Salvadorean, Singaporean, stentorian, Taurean, valedictorian, Victorian •Ugrian • Zarathustrian •Cumbrian, Northumbrian, Umbrian •Algerian, Cancerian, Chaucerian, Cimmerian, criterion, Hesperian, Hitlerian, Hyperion, Iberian, Liberian, Nigerian, Presbyterian, Shakespearean, Siberian, Spenserian, Sumerian, valerian, Wagnerian, Zairean •Arthurian, Ben-Gurion, centurion, durian, holothurian, Khachaturian, Ligurian, Missourian, Silurian, tellurian •Circassian, Parnassian •halcyon • Capsian • Hessian •Albigensian, Waldensian •Dacian • Keatsian •Cilician, Galician, Lycian, Mysian, Odyssean •Leibnizian • Piscean • Ossian •Gaussian • Joycean • Andalusian •Mercian • Appalachian • Decian •Ordovician, Priscian •Lucian •himation, Montserratian •Atlantean, Dantean, Kantian •bastion, Erastian, Sebastian •Mozartian • Brechtian • Thyestean •Fortean • Faustian • protean •Djiboutian •fustian, Procrustean •Gilbertian, Goethean, nemertean •pantheon •Hogarthian, Parthian •Lethean, Promethean •Pythian • Corinthian • Scythian •Lothian, Midlothian •Latvian • Yugoslavian •avian, Batavian, Flavian, Moldavian, Moravian, Octavian, Scandinavian, Shavian •Bolivian, Maldivian, oblivion, Vivian •Chekhovian, Harrovian, Jovian, Pavlovian •alluvion, antediluvian, diluvian, Peruvian •Servian • Malawian • Zimbabwean •Abkhazian • Dickensian •Caucasian, Malaysian, Rabelaisian •Keynesian •Belizean, Cartesian, Indonesian, Milesian, Salesian, Silesian •Elysian, Frisian, Parisian, Tunisian •Holmesian •Carthusian, Malthusian, Venusian