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Amritsar Massacres
Amritsar Massacres (1919, 1984) Two massacres occurred in Amritsar, in the Indian province of Punjab, which has a central significance for Sikhs as the site of their Golden Temple (Hari Mandir), containing the sacred Sikh scripture, the Granth Sahib. On 13 April 1919, following nationalist riots against the Rowlatt Bills which had led to the death of five Englishmen, Gurkha troops under the command of Brigadier R. H. Dyer fired on peaceful, unarmed nationalist crowds gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh, an enclosed park, killing 379 and wounding over 1,200. It led to growing resentment of British rule in India. Dyer was given an official, if belated, censure.
In 1984, the Golden Temple was seized by a group of militant Sikhs, who used it as a base for attacks to campaign for an independent, Sikh-dominated Punjab. The holy site was stormed on the orders of the Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in defiance of the consequences of this act of sacrilege to the Sikhs. In revenge, Gandhi was assassinated by a militant Sikh, which in turn led to angry massacres of Sikhs by Hindus. |
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Amritsar Massacres." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Amritsar Massacres." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-AmritsarMassacres.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Amritsar Massacres." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-AmritsarMassacres.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar , city (1991 pop. 709,456), Punjab state, NW India. It is a district administrative center, as well as a trade and industrial city where carpets, fabrics of goat hair, and handicrafts are made. The center of the Sikh religion (see Sikhism ), Amritsar was founded in 1577 by Ram Das, the fourth guru [Hindustani,=teacher], on land given by Akbar . The Golden Temple (refurbished 1802), set in the center of a lake, is especially sacred to Sikhs. The city was the center of a Sikh empire in the early 19th cent., and modern Sikh nationalism was founded there. Khalsa College, a branch of Punjab Univ., is in Amritsar. The first Amritsar massacre took place in the Jalianwala Bagh, an enclosed park, in Apr., 1919; hundreds of Indian nationalists were killed and thousands wounded when troops under British control fired upon them. The second massacre occurred June, 1984, when Indian troops, opposing a militant Sikh separatist movement, shot their way into the Golden Temple, killing more than 400 people inside. |
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"Amritsar." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Amritsar." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Amritsar.html "Amritsar." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Amritsar.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar (Pañjābī, ‘pool of nectar’). Sikhs' spiritual capital. Amritsar, Pañjāb, is 400 km. NNW of Delhi and 30 km. from Pakistan. It is especially holy to Sikhs on account of the Harimandir (Golden Temple). Amritsar, first known as Gurū kā Chak, Rāmdāspur, and Chak Rām Dās, was founded 1577 CE by Gurū Rām Dās, who built a brick temple there. The city took its name from the pool. In 1984, the Indian army stormed the Harimandir to dislodge Sikh militants.
In 1919, many Sikhs who, disregarding the Rowlatt Acts, had gathered on Vaisākhī in Jalliānwālā Bāgh, were killed by British soldiers under the command of Brigadier General Dyer. This event, of great significance for the Independence movement in India, and for establishing ‘minimum force’ as a rule in crowd control, is known as the Amritsar massacre. |
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JOHN BOWKER. "Amritsar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Amritsar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Amritsar.html JOHN BOWKER. "Amritsar." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Amritsar.html |
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Amritsar massacre
Amritsar massacre (13 April 1919) A massacre of unarmed supporters of Indian self-government by British troops in the city of Amritsar, Punjab. Indian discontent against the British had been mounting as a result of the ROWLATT ACT. The massacre in Amritsar followed the killing, three days before, of five Englishmen and the beating of an Englishwoman. Gurkha troops under the command of Brigadier R. H. Dyer fired on a crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh, an enclosed park, killing 379 and wounding over 1200. Mounting agitation throughout India followed, and Dyer was given an official, if belated, censure.
In 1984 Indian government troops stormed the Golden Temple of Amritsar and killed 400 members of a Sikh separatist group, in revenge for which Indira GANDHI was assassinated. |
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"Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Amritsarmassacre.html "Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Amritsarmassacre.html |
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Amritsar massacre
Amritsar massacre, 1919. On 13 April 1919 at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar, General R. E. H. Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on a protesting though unarmed crowd, killing 400 people. The shootings were for defiance of a martial law ban on assembly imposed under the Rowlatt Act, passed against sedition at the end of the First World War. The Act and the massacre became symbols of British oppression to the Indian freedom struggle, then developing a mass political following. Mahatma Gandhi led nation-wide demonstrations, which brought him to leadership of the Indian national movement.
David Anthony Washbrook |
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JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Amritsarmassacre.html JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Amritsarmassacre.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar, Punjab/India Gurū kā Chak, Rāmdāspur, Chak Rām Dās Founded in 1577 by Rām Dās, the fourth Sikh Gurū, who built a temple around a pool filled with ‘sacred’ water known for its healing properties. Called Amrita Saras, it means ‘Pool of Nectar’ from the Sanskrit amṛta ‘nectar of immortality’, and saras ‘pool’ or ‘lake’. The Sikh's Golden Temple was built on an island in the centre of the pool. The city was annexed to British India in 1849.
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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Amritsar." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Amritsar." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Amritsar.html JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Amritsar." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Amritsar.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar City in Punjab state, nw India. Founded in 1577, Amritsar is the religious centre of Sikhism, and site of its holiest shrine, the Golden Temple. It was the scene of the Amritsar Massacre (1919), when hundreds of Indian nationalists were killed by British troops. Amritsar is noted for its handicrafts. Industries: textiles, silk weaving. Pop. (2001) 975,695.
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"Amritsar." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Amritsar." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Amritsar.html "Amritsar." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Amritsar.html |
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Amritsar massacre
Amritsar massacre, 1919. On 13 April 1919 at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar, General R. E. H. Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on a protesting though unarmed crowd, killing 400 people. The massacre became a symbol of British oppression. Mahatma Gandhi led nation‐wide demonstrations, which brought him to leadership of the Indian national movement.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Amritsarmassacre.html JOHN CANNON. "Amritsar massacre." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Amritsarmassacre.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar a city in the state of Punjab in NW India, founded in 1577 by Ram Das (1534–81), fourth guru of the Sikhs. It became the centre of the Sikh faith and the site of its holiest temple, the Golden Temple. It was the scene of a riot in 1919, in which 400 people were killed by British troops.
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Cite this article
ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Amritsar." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Amritsar." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Amritsar.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Amritsar." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Amritsar.html |
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Amritsar
Amritsar
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"Amritsar." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Amritsar." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Amritsar.html "Amritsar." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-Amritsar.html |
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