Alexander Bach

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Alexander Bach

Alexander Bach 1813-93, Austrian politician. A well-known lawyer and liberal, he took part in the revolution of 1848 in Vienna, but after its suppression he joined the forces of reaction. He became minister of justice (1848) and of the interior (1849-59), and after the death (1852) of Prince Schwarzenberg was the chief figure in the ministry. He was created baron in 1854. Bach instituted the Bach system of bureaucratic control of the Hapsburg lands. Centralization and Germanization were its chief aims; stringent control by secret police was the method of enforcing them. This program was accompanied, however, by measures promoting economic prosperity, notably the abolition of internal tariff barriers, and by agricultural reforms implementing the emancipation of the serfs. Through the Concordat of 1855 the Roman Catholic Church gained wide powers. The Bach system met with opposition, especially in Hungary, and after the Austrian defeat in the Italian War of 1859 its author was dismissed and new systems introduced.

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"Alexander Bach." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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Ziloti (Siloty), Alexander

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music | 1996 | | Â© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Ziloti [Siloty], Alexander (b nr. Kharkov, 1863; d NY, 1945). Russ. pianist and conductor. Pupil of Liszt at Weimar 1883–6. Début Moscow 1880, Leipzig 1883. Prof. of pf., Moscow Cons. 1887–90. Extensive tours, incl. Eng. and USA 1898–9. Cond., Moscow PO 1901–2; formed own orch. in St Petersburg. Left Russia 1919, settled in NY. Taught at Juilliard Sch. 1925–42. Arr. concs. by Bach and Vivaldi.

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MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ziloti (Siloty), Alexander." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ziloti (Siloty), Alexander." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (December 9, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-ZilotiSilotyAlexander.html

MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Ziloti (Siloty), Alexander." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Retrieved December 09, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-ZilotiSilotyAlexander.html

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