Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) 86 Stat. 373
EDUCATION AMENDMENTS OF 1972 (TITLE IX) 86 Stat. 373
Title VI of the civil rights act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin in programs receiving federal financial assistance. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 extends Title VI's ban to discrimination on the basis of sex in federally assisted education programs. Title IX excludes from its coverage fraternities, sororities, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, and similar organizations, and scholarships awarded to beauty contest winners; the act does not require sexually integrated living facilities. Title IX instructs federal departments to implement its provisions through rules or regulations and authorizes termination of funding in cases of noncompliance.
Title IX has played a major role in increasing female athletic opportunities at educational institutions, and North Haven Board of Education v. Bell (1982) held that Title IX could reach sexually discriminatory employment practices. In Cannon v. University of Chicago (1979) the Supreme Court held that Title IX may be enforced through private civil actions.
(See sex discrimination.)
Theodore Eisenberg
(1986)
Bibliography
Dorsen, Norman et al. 1979 Emerson, Haber and Dorsen's Political and Civil Rights in the United States, 4th ed. Vol. II: 771–774, 883–893. Boston: Little, Brown.