Birgham, treaty of
Birgham, treaty of, 1290. Anglo-Scottish treaty, initially drawn up at Birgham (Berwickshire) on 18 July and ratified at Northampton on 28 August 1290. It provided for the marriage of Margaret ‘the Maid of Norway’, granddaughter and successor of Alexander III, to Edward of Caernarfon (later Edward II), son and heir of Edward I, on condition that Scotland should remain an independent sovereign kingdom ruled by Margaret. It became redundant on Margaret's death in September 1290; but had the marriage taken place and children issued from it, it is possible that a lasting Anglo-Scottish union, similar to the union of the crowns of 1603, would have been achieved.
Keith J. Stringer
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