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liquid

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

liquid one of the three commonly recognized states in which matter occurs, i.e., that state, as distinguished from solid and gas, in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Properties of Liquids

In general, liquids show expansion on heating, contraction on cooling; water, however, does not follow the rule exactly. A liquid changes at its boiling point to a gas and at its freezing point, or melting point , to a solid. The boiling point is especially important because, since liquids change their states at different temperatures, those in a mixture can be separated from one another by raising the temperature of the mixture gradually so that each component in turn undergoes vaporization at its boiling point. This process is known as fractional distillation.

Liquids, like gases, exhibit the property of diffusion. When two miscible liquids (i.e., they mix without separation) are poured carefully into a container so that the denser one forms a separate layer on the bottom, each will diffuse slowly into the other until they are thoroughly mixed. Liquids, like gases, differ from solids in that they are fluids, that is, they flow into the shape of a containing vessel. Liquids exert pressure on the sides of a containing vessel and on any body immersed in them, and pressure is transmitted through a liquid undiminished and in all directions. Liquids exert a buoyant force on an immersed body equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body (see Archimedes' principle and specific gravity ). Unlike gases, liquids are very nearly incompressible, and for that reason are useful in such devices as the hydraulic press. Liquids are useful as solvents. No one liquid can dissolve all substances; each takes into solution only certain specific substances.

Molecular Structure of Liquids

The molecules (or atoms or ions) of a liquid, like those of a solid (and unlike those of a gas), are quite close together; however, while molecules in a solid are held in fixed positions by intermolecular forces, molecules in a liquid have too much thermal energy to be bound by these forces and move about freely within the liquid, although they cannot escape the liquid easily. Although the molecules of a liquid have greater cohesion than those of a gas, it is not sufficient to prevent some of those at the free surface of the liquid from bounding off (see evaporation ). On the other hand, the cohesive forces between the molecules at the surface of a mass of liquid and those within cause the free surface to act somewhat like a stretched elastic membrane; it tends to draw inward toward the center of the liquid mass, to draw the liquid into the shape of a sphere, thus exhibiting the phenomenon known as surface tension .

A liquid is said to "wet" a solid substance when the attractive force between the molecules of the liquid and those of the solid is great enough to hold the liquid's molecules at the solid surface. For example, water "wets" glass since its molecules cling to glass surfaces, whereas mercury does not since the adhesive force between its molecules and those of glass is not strong enough to hold them together. Capillarity is an example of surface tension and adhesion acting at the same time.

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liquid

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English | 2009 | Copyright

liq·uid / ˈlikwid/ • adj. 1. having a consistency like that of water or oil, i.e., flowing freely but of constant volume. ∎ having the clear shimmer of water: looking into those liquid dark eyes. ∎ denoting a substance normally a gas that has been liquefied by cold or pressure: liquid oxygen. ∎ not fixed or stable; fluid. 2. (of a sound) clear, pure, and flowing; harmonious: the liquid song of the birds. 3. Phonet. (of a consonant) produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the sides of the tongue, typically l and r, and able to be prolonged like a vowel. 4. (of assets) held in cash or easily converted into cash. ∎ having ready cash or liquid assets. ∎ (of a market) having a high volume of activity. • n. 1. a liquid substance: drink plenty of liquids. 2. Phonet. a liquid consonant. DERIVATIVES: liq·uid·ly adv. liq·uid·ness n.

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liquid

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Copyright

liquid adj. neither solid nor gaseous XIV; (of air, sound, light) pure, clear XVI. — L. liquidus, f. liquēre (cf. LIQUOR).
Hence sb. (in phon.) XVI; liquid substance XVIII. So liquidate †make clear, set out clearly XVI; clear off (a debt) XVIII; set out the liabilities of XIX; (after Russ. likvidírovat) wipe out XX. f. pp. stem of medL. liquidāre. liquidation XVI. liquor liquid substance. XIII. ME. lic(o)ur — OF. lic(o)ur (mod. liqueur) — L. liquor, -ōr-, rel. to liquāre liquefy, liquēre be fluid. liqueur in its specific sense was adopted from F. in XVIII.

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T. F. HOAD. "liquid." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

T. F. HOAD. "liquid." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-liquid.html

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liquid

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

liquid Phase of matter intermediate between a gas and a solid. A liquid substance has a relatively fixed volume but flows to take the shape of its container. A liquid at room temperature, such as water, changes into a vapour (its gaseous state, steam) by heating or into a solid (ice) by cooling.

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LIQUID

Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language | 1998 | | Copyright

LIQUID. A term in PHONETICS for a frictionless APPROXIMANT, especially an r- or l-sound. See CONSONANT, L-SOUNDS, R-SOUNDS.

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TOM McARTHUR. "LIQUID." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

TOM McARTHUR. "LIQUID." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-LIQUID.html

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liquid

Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes | 2007 | Copyright

liquid •avid • unenvied • David •livid, vivid •ivied • Ovid • bovid •beloved, Dyfed •fervid, perfervid •languid • equid •illiquid, liquid •frenzied • palsied

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