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ice
ice, the solid phase of water, which, unusually, is lighter than liquid water. The molecules in ice crystals are arranged in a lattice and are more spaced out than in the liquid. The freezing point of sea water is about -1.9 °C (28.5 °F), depressed below 0 °C (32 °F) by the dissolved salts. It takes 80 calories to melt a gram of ice, enough heat to heat up the gram of liquid water to 80 °C (176 °F); this is termed the latent heat of ice formation. For the sea to freeze, it not only has to be extremely cold but also very windy to keep areas of water open and prevent a skin of ice from insulating the water surface from further cooling. Areas of open water are know as polynyas and are important for marine mammals like beluga whales and walruses, giving them access to air. When ice forms, the salts the water contained are left in solution, making the unfrozen water saltier. Because ice takes time to melt, it can drift well into warmer seas before finally melting. As it melts it dilutes the surface sea water, so the formation and melting of ice is one of the processes that modifies the salinity of surface sea water.
Frozen sea water forms pack ice. In the Arctic, the pack ice tends to last for up to five years. This multi-year ice gets deformed into pressure ridges by the surface currents and the wind. The pack ice moves with the drift of the surface current, whereas icebergs, with five-sixths of their volume below the surface, move with the deeper currents. A large tabular berg in the Southern Ocean can be as much as 200–300 metres (655–985 ft) deep. The deeper currents flow at an angle to the surface drift, because of the effects of Coriolis force generating a spiral profile to the currents known as an Ekman spiral, so big bergs often plough across pack ice. Icebergs have a different origin: they are spawned from glaciers in the Arctic, and from the ice shelf in the Southern Ocean, where at any one time there may be up to 300,000 icebergs. In 2000 a massive berg 290 × 37 kilometres (180 × 23 mls.), roughly the size of Jamaica, broke off the ice shelf in the Ross Sea, devastating the food chain for penguins and cutting them off from their rookeries. Such a large berg will persist for several years. Fortunately, the currents of the Southern Ocean keep such navigational hazards well to the south. However, 1–2% of the 40,000 icebergs spawned annually from the glaciers of Greenland are carried well south down the east coast of Canada to Newfoundland and beyond, presenting a potent threat to shipping; the Titanic was sunk by one. Nowadays, satellites are used to track these icebergs and alerts are issued by the Canadian Coastguard as initiated by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). It is estimated that the ice in most Atlantic icebergs was formed at least 15,000 years ago, so is uncontaminated by industrial pollutants, one of today's environmental issues. Various uses have been suggested for icebergs: during the Second World War (1939–45) Admiral Mountbatten suggested one be converted into a floating airstrip; and it has been proposed to tow bergs to the arid coasts of Chile and south-west Africa where they can be used to supply fresh water. www.wordplay.com/tourism/icebergs/ M. V. Angel |
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"ice." The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ice." The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O225-ice.html "ice." The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O225-ice.html |
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Ice
IceIce is frozen water , or in other words, water in solid state. Ice is a transparent, colorless substance with some special properties; it floats in water, ice expands when water freezes, and its melting point decreases with increasing pressure. Water is the only substance that exists in all three phases as gas, liquid, and solid under normal circumstances on Earth. Water, and thus ice molecules, consist of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Water is a polar molecule, with a slight negative charge on the oxygen side, and a slight positive charge on the hydrogen side, which makes it possible to interact with other polar molecules or ions. Thus, a loose chemical connection called a hydrogen bond forms between the water molecules, where each water molecule can bind to other water molecules, forming a complex network. These hydrogen bonds are the main reason for the special properties of water and ice. Water in the solid state forms a highly ordered hexagonal (six-sided) crystal lattice structure, because it is the most stable arrangement of the water molecules. Although the individual molecules can vibrate, they cannot move fast enough to leave the crystal structure, since the opposite electrical polarities hold them together. This lattice crystal can be visualized as layers of hexagonal rings of the oxygen atoms stacked on each other. Ice has eleven known crystal forms, depending on pressure, temperature , or how quickly the ice forms. Ice cannot form from liquid water at the freezing point, unless there are seeds for the crystal, which dissipate the energy of the colliding water molecules, keeping them locked in the lattice structure. If no seeds are present, spontaneous crystal nucleation begins only if the water is supercooled below the freezing point. Ice is present in nature in many places and in many forms: icebergs , ice sheets, glaciers , snow, freezing rain, sleet, ice crystals , icicles, hail, rime, graupel, and ice fog . Ice plays an important role in erosion (water fills the cracks of rock , freezes, expands, and breaks the rock), and in atmospheric energy transport (when water vapor changes into liquid or ice, latent heat is released). The way ice forms in bodies of water (not from the bottom up, but from the top down) protects many organisms in the water from very cold and fast temperature fluctuations. |
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"Ice." World of Earth Science. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Ice." World of Earth Science. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437800309.html "Ice." World of Earth Science. 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437800309.html |
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ice
ice / īs/ • n. frozen water, a brittle, transparent crystalline solid: the pipes were blocked with ice. ∎ a frozen mixture of fruit juice or flavored water and sugar. ∎ inf. diamonds. ∎ fig. complete absence of friendliness or affection in manner or expression: the ice in his voice was only to hide the pain. ∎ inf. an illegal profit made from scalping tickets. ∎ inf. money paid in graft or bribery. ∎ inf. methamphetamine. • v. [tr.] 1. decorate (a cake) with icing. 2. inf. clinch (something such as a victory or deal). 3. inf. kill: a man had been iced by the police. 4. Ice Hockey shoot (the puck) so as to commit icing. PHRASES: break the ice do or say something to relieve tension or get conversation going at the start of a party or when people meet for the first time. on ice 1. (of wine or food) kept chilled by being surrounded by ice. ∎ fig. (esp. of a plan or proposal) held in reserve for future consideration: the recommendation was put on ice. 2. (of an entertainment) performed by skaters: Cinderella on Ice. on thin ice in a precarious or risky situation: you're skating on thin ice.PHRASAL VERBS: ice over (of water or an object) become completely covered with ice. ice up (of an object) become coated with or blocked by ice. |
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"ice." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ice." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-ice005.html "ice." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-ice005.html |
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ice
ice Water which has frozen into a crystal lattice. Pure water freezes at 0°C at 1013.24 mb pressure. The presence of salts in solution depresses the freezing point of water. Liquid water has its maximum density at 4°C, in consequence of which ice floats on water. With increasing pressure, a series of denser polymorphs of ice forms, each designated by a Roman numeral, ordinary ice being ice I. Expansion on freezing (9.05 per cent in specific volume) generates very high pressures, which bring about frost wedging. Such ice I converts into the denser ice III at lower temperatures, but the pressure exerted by it changes little. ‘Ground ice’ forms when interstitial water freezes, and this may bring about heaving as well as frost wedging. ‘Glacier ice’ is a relatively opaque mass of interlocking crystals, and has a density of 0.85–0.91 g/cm. ‘Regelation ice’ is relatively clear and is formed by the freezing of meltwater beneath a temperate glacier.
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MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-ice.html MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-ice.html |
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ice
ice OE. īs = OS., OHG. īs (Du. ijs, G. eis), ON. íss :- Gmc. *īsam, *īsaz, rel. to AV. isu- icy. Ice cream (XVIII) is for earlier iced cream (XVII).
Hence icy XVI (not continuous with OE. īsiġ). So iceberg †Arctic glacier; detached portion of this in the sea. XVIII. prob. — (M)Du. ijsberg (see BARROW1). |
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T. F. HOAD. "ice." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "ice." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-ice.html T. F. HOAD. "ice." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-ice.html |
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ice
ice break the ice do or say something to relieve tension or get conversation going in a strained situation or when strangers meet.
Ice Age the series of glacial episodes during the Pleistocene period. on thin ice in a precarious or risky situation. See also the rich man has his ice in the summer. |
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "ice." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "ice." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-ice.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "ice." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-ice.html |
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ice
ice Water frozen to 0°C (32°F) or below, when it forms complex six-sided crystals. It is less dense than water. When water vapour condenses below freezing point, ice crystals form. Clusters of crystals form snowflakes. See also glacier
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"ice." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ice." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-ice.html "ice." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-ice.html |
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ICE
ICE • abbr. internal combustion engine. |
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"ICE." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ICE." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-ice.html "ICE." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-ice.html |
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ICE
ICE Abbr. for International Cometary Explorer.
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"ICE." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ICE." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O80-ICE.html "ICE." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O80-ICE.html |
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ICE
ICE See INTERNATIONAL SUN-EARTH EXPLORER-C.
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AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ICE." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ICE." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ICE.html AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ICE." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ICE.html |
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ice
ice
1. Water which has frozen into a crystal lattice. Pure water freezes at 0°C at 1013.24 mb pressure. The presence of salts in solution depresses the freezing point of water. Liquid water has its maximum density at 4°C, in consequence of which ice floats on water. With increasing pressure, a series of denser polymorphs of ice forms, each designated by a Roman numeral, ordinary ice being ice I. 2. Several properties and varieties of ice are important in geomorphological processes. Expansion on freezing (9.05% in specific volume) generates very high pressures. In an enclosed space in the laboratory the pressure reaches 216 MPa (megapascals) at −22°C but reaches only about 10% of this when unenclosed, as in nature. The stresses are, however, sufficient to bring about frost wedging. Such ice I converts into the denser ice III at lower temperatures, but the pressure exerted by it changes little. ‘Ground ice’ forms when interstitial water freezes, and this may bring about heaving as well as frost wedging. ‘Glacier ice’ is a relatively opaque mass of interlocking crystals, and has a density of 0.85–0.91 g/cm3. ‘Regelation ice’ is relatively clear and is formed by the freezing of meltwater beneath a temperate glacier. 3. In planetary geology other ices are important. Water ice condenses at 160 K at solar nebular pressures and appears in abundance forming the surfaces of the Galilean satellites Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The satellites of the jovian planets are mostly water ice—rock mixtures. Water ice will exist in high-pressure polymorphs (e.g. ice VIII, density 1670 kg/m3) above about 15–20 kb in satellite interiors. Other possible ices important in satellites (e.g. Titan) include NH3.H2O, CH4.nH2O, and H2O.CO2. |
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Cite this article
AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ice.html AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "ice." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ice.html |
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ice
ice see water . |
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"ice." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ice." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-ice.html "ice." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-ice.html |
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ice
ice •advice, bice, Brice, choc ice, concise, dice, entice, gneiss, ice, imprecise, lice, mice, nice, precise, price, rice, sice, slice, speiss, spice, splice, suffice, syce, thrice, trice, twice, underprice, vice, Zeiss
•merchandise • paradise • sacrifice
•packice • woodlice • fieldmice
•titmice • dormice • allspice
•cockatrice • edelweiss
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"ice." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "ice." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-ice.html "ice." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-ice.html |
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