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hardpan

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2008 | Copyright

hardpan condition of the soil or subsoil in which the soil grains become cemented together by such bonding agents as iron oxide and calcium carbonate, forming a hard, impervious mass. It is disadvantageous to farming, interfering with the circulation of moisture in the soil and with the growth of roots through the soil. When the condition is caused by the filling of the air spaces in the soil with fine particles of clay, the subsoil is called a clay pan. This usually occurs in acid soil.

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hardpan

A Dictionary of Ecology | 2004 | | Copyright

hardpan A hardened soil horizon, usually found in the middle or lower parts of the profile, which may be indurated (see induration) or cemented by a variety of possible cementing materials. See also caliche; duricrust; and pan.

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MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-hardpan.html

MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-hardpan.html

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hardpan

A Dictionary of Plant Sciences | 1998 | | Copyright

hardpan A hardened soil horizon, usually found in the middle or lower parts of the profile, that may be indurated (see INDURATION) or cemented by a variety of possible cementing materials. See also CALICHE; DURICRUST; and PAN.

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MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-hardpan.html

MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-hardpan.html

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hardpan

A Dictionary of Earth Sciences | 1999 | | Copyright

hardpan Hardened soil horizon, usually found in the middle or lower parts of the profile, that may be indurated or cemented by a variety of possible cementing materials. See also CALICHE; DURICRUST; and PAN.

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AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-hardpan.html

AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "hardpan." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-hardpan.html

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