gramicidin

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gramicidin

gramicidin , antibiotic obtained from the bacterial species Bacillus brevis, which is found in soil. Gramicidin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria (see Gram's stain ). Because the drug is highly toxic, it cannot be administered internally and so is used only on the skin as a lotion or ointment. It is used primarily in the treatment of infected surface wounds, and in eye, nose, and throat infections. In 1939 the American microbiologist René Dubos isolated the substance tyrothricin and later showed that it was composed of two substances, gramicidin and tyrocidine. These were the first antibiotics to be manufactured commercially.

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gramicidin

A Dictionary of Nursing | 2008 | Â© A Dictionary of Nursing 2008, originally published by Oxford University Press 2008. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

gramicidin (gram-i-sy-din) n. an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of bacteria. It is used in combination with other antibacterial drugs or steroids in topical preparations for the treatment of skin, ear, and eye infections.

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	A primer on topical antibiotics for the skin and eyes.(SCHOOLS OF PHARMACOLOGY) Magazine article from: Journal of Drugs in Dermatology; 4/1/2008
	Topical treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media in Aboriginal children. Magazine article from: Ear, Nose and Throat Journal; 8/1/2003
	Help for cuts, scrapes and burns.(over-the-counter treatments)(includes related article on label laws for topical antibiotics) Magazine article from: FDA Consumer; 5/1/1996

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	Monitoring Gramicidin Conformations in Membranes: A Fluorescence Approach Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 8/1/2004; ; 700+ words ; ...2000). The transmembrane gramicidin channel is formed by the...Ulmschneider and Sansom, 2001). Gramicidins are linear pentadecapeptidc...The natural mixture of gramicidins, often denoted as gramicidin A' (termed gramicidin D...
	Effect of gramicidin A on the dipole potential of phospholipid membranes Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 7/1/1999; ; 700+ words ; ...effect of channel-forming peptide gramicidin A on the dipole potential of phospholipid...surface potential meter (Kelvin probe). Gramicidin has been shown to shift pressure-area...effects increase with the increase in gramicidin concentration and depend on the kind...
	Simulation study of a gramicidin/lipid bilayer system in excess water and lipid. I. Structure of the molecular complex Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 4/1/1999; ; 700+ words ; ...reports on a simulation of a gramicidin channel inserted into a fluid...were removed to insert the gramicidin, so the resulting preparation...Reithmeier, 1995, and for gramicidins in Koeppe and Andersen...1998, but the consensus of gramicidin workers still favors the...
	The effects of gramicidin on the structure of phospholipid assemblies Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 9/1/2003; ; 700+ words ; ABSTRACT Gramicidin is an antibiotic peptide that can be...Dimerization through hydrogen bonding between gramicidin monomers in opposing leaflets of the...properties of this channel. Conversely, gramicidin incorporation has been shown to affect...
	Orientation and Lipid-Peptide Interactions of Gramicidin A in Lipid Membranes: Polarized Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Spin-Label Electron Spin Resonance Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 3/1/2004; ; 700+ words ; ABSTRACT Gramicidin A was incorporated at a peptide/lipid...Lipid-peptide interactions with gramicidin A in DMPC bilayers were studied with...fluid phase both are similar. For gramicidin A in DMPS, DMPG, and DMPE, the degree...
	Tryptophan Contributions to the Empirical Free-Energy Profile in Gramicidin A/M Heterodimer Channels Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 11/1/2006; ; 700+ words ; ABSTRACT Gramicidin A/gramicidin M heterodimer conductances were measured in planar lipid bilayers...form two distinguishable populations about halfway between the gramicidin A and gramicidin M homodimer conductances. This implies that...
	Role of Tryptophan Residues in Gramicidin Channel Organization and Function Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 7/1/2008; ; 700+ words ; ...spectroscopy. We show here that the gramicidin analogs containing single...Among ion channels, gramicidin is a particularly powerful...characterize single-Trp gramicidins. The linear peptide gramicidin forms prototypical ion channels...
	Membrane dipole potential modulates proton conductance through gramicidin channel: Movement of negative ionic defects inside the channel Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 2/1/2002; ; 700+ words ; ...effect of membrane dipole potential on gramicidin channel activity in bilayer lipid membranes...appeared that proton conductance of gramicidin A (gA) channels responded to modulation...response of proton transport through gramicidin channels to varying the membrane dipole...
	Noncontact dipole effects on channel permeation. VI. 5F- and 6F-Trp gramicidin channel currents Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 10/1/2002; ; 700+ words ; ...has been shown to perturb gramicidin channel conductance without...and R. Lazaro. 1989. Gramicidin A analogs: influence of...peptide synthesis of 15N-gramicidins A, B, and C and high performance...0. S. Andersen. 1992. Gramicidin channels that have no tryptophan...
	Conducting gramicidin channel activity in phospholipid monolayers Magazine article from: Biophysical Journal; 6/1/2001; ; 700+ words ; ...investigate the underlying mechanisms of gramicidin activity in phospholipid monolayers...experiments were carried out at gramicidin-modified dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine...indicate that two or more forms of gramicidin are in equilibrium with each other...