Horticulture

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espalier

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

espalier , trellis or lattice used in horticulture for training a tree or vine flat against a wall, either for ornament or to fit it into a small space, allowing it to get a maximum of air and sun and bringing the fruit within easy reach for gathering. The plant, often an apple or pear tree, may be trained into various shapes, such as a fan or a fork. The term is more commonly used for the tree or vine so trained.

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"espalier." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"espalier." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-espalier.html

"espalier." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-espalier.html

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espalier

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English | 2009 | Copyright

es·pal·ier / iˈspalyər; -yā/ • n. a fruit tree or ornamental shrub whose branches are trained to grow flat against a wall, supported on a framework.

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"espalier." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"espalier." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-espalier.html

"espalier." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-espalier.html

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espalier

A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture | 2000 | | Copyright

espalier.
1. Lattice-work trellis upon which tree-branches are trained in horizontal directions.

2. Row of trees so trained, without the trellis.

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JAMES STEVENS CURL. "espalier." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JAMES STEVENS CURL. "espalier." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-espalier.html

JAMES STEVENS CURL. "espalier." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 2000. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O1-espalier.html

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espalier

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Copyright

espalier XVII. — F. — It. spalliera applied to supports for the shoulders, hence to stakes of that height, f. spalla shoulder.

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T. F. HOAD. "espalier." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

T. F. HOAD. "espalier." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-espalier.html

T. F. HOAD. "espalier." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-espalier.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Espalier, the art of reshaping fruit trees, takes root in man's heart.(NW... Newspaper article from: The Seattle Times (Seattle, WA); 9/12/2010
	Living sculptures. (shrub espaliers)(includes related article on pyracantha... Magazine article from: Sunset; 4/1/1998
	Espalier. (training fruit trees) Magazine article from: Sunset; 2/1/1988