bearing

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bearing machine part designed to reduce friction between moving parts or to support moving loads. There are two main kinds of bearings: the antifriction type, such as the roller bearing and the ball bearing, operating on the principle of rolling friction; and the plain, or sliding, type, such as the journal bearing and the thrust bearing, employing the principle of sliding friction. Roller bearings are either cylindrical or tapered (conical), depending upon the application; they overcome frictional resistance by a rolling contact and are suited to large, heavy assemblies. Ball bearings are usually found in light precision machinery where high speeds are maintained, friction being reduced by the rolling action of the hard steel balls. In both types the balls or rollers are caged in an angular grooved track, called a race, and the bearings are held in place by a frame, commonly called a pillow block or plummer block. Ball bearings or roller bearings reduce friction more than sliding bearings do. Other advantages of antifriction bearings include ability to operate at high speeds and easy lubrication.

A journal bearing usually consists of a split cylindrical shell of hard, strong metal held in a rigid support and an inner cylindrical part of soft metal, which holds a rotating shaft, or journal. A self-aligning journal bearing has a spherically shaped support that turns in a socket to adjust to movements of the shaft. Slight misalignment of the shaft can be accommodated in the ordinary journal bearing by wearing of the soft bearing material, often an alloy of tin or lead. Less frequently used are aluminum alloys, steel, cast iron, or a thin layer of silver covered with a thin coating of a soft bearing material. Ideally, a film of lubricant, normally oil, separates journal and bearing so that contact is prevented (see lubrication ). Bearings that are not split are called bushings.

A thrust bearing supports an axial load on a shaft, i.e., a force directed along a shaft's length. It may be a plate at the end of a shaft or a plate against which the collar on the shaft pushes. Large thrust bearings, such as those used to transmit the motive force of a ship's propeller from the shaft to the hull, have blocks that are separated from the collar on the shaft by wedge-shaped spaces filled with oil. Graphite bearings are used in high-temperature situations. Certain plastics make satisfactory self-lubricating bearings for low speeds and light loads and, if additionally lubricated, work at higher speeds and carry greater loads. Rubber and a naturally oily wood, lignum vitae, are used in water-lubricated bearings. Watches and other precision instruments have glass or sapphire pivot bearings. In gas-lubricated bearings a film of gas separates the bearings from the moving machine parts. Magnetic bearings employ magnetic repulsion to separate journal from bearing, reducing friction still further.

bear·ing / ˈbe(ə)ring/ • n. 1. [in sing.] a person's way of standing or moving: a man of precise military bearing. ∎  the way one behaves or conducts oneself: she has the bearing of a First Lady. 2. relation or relevance: the case has no direct bearing on the issues. 3. the level to which something bad can be tolerated: school was bad enough, but now it's past bearing. 4. a part of a machine that bears friction, esp. between a rotating part and its housing. ∎  a ball bearing. 5. Archit. a structural part that supports weight, such as a wall that supports a beam.6. the direction or position of something, or the direction of movement, relative to a fixed point. It is typically measured in degrees, usually with north as zero: the Point is on a bearing of 015°. ∎  (one's bearings) awareness of one's position relative to one's surroundings: he rose unsteadily to his feet and tried to get his bearings. 7. Heraldry a device or charge: armorial bearings. 8. the act, capability, or time of producing fruit or offspring: I gave myself up to the bearing of children.

bearing.
1. Part of a truss or beam lying on a support.

2. The distance between two such supports (i.e. the span of the void).

3. Figure copied from the Antique.

4. In heraldry an Achievement of Arms, or the supporters of a coat of arms.

bearing, the horizontal angle between the direction of north or south and the object of which the bearing is being taken.

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