W. C. Handy 1873–1958

Singer, composer, cornet player

At a Glance…

Down-and-Out in St. Louis

Vote Crump for Mayor

“Heart Like a Rock”

“Father of the Blues”

Selected discography

Sources

W. C. Handy’s remarkable life started eight years after the conclusion of the American Civil War. Born in a log cabin in Florence, Alabama, on November 16, 1873, William Christopher Handy entered into a new era for black people—an era that he himself would help define by introducing his people’s music to the world. He thereby became the “Father of the Blues.”

The predecessors of the blues were around long before Handy ever picked up a cornet, but they had no name. They were the “folk music” songs of black-American slaves, sung as a deeply emotional and personal response to the brutality and desperation of their lives. It was an undefined sound that was derived from the varied African cultures touched by the slave trade, a sound rooted in firm African traditions carried halfway across the world. It was the song of the poorest of the poor, even among slaves, and it belonged to the most illiterate and forgotten, the so-called “cornfield niggers.”

As a trained musician Handy would come to recognize what he once regarded “primitive” as a viable form of music. He sought a way to translate the blues into compositional form. He set about codifying it: a three-line, 12-bar pattern, with a flat third or “blue” note. Though a recipe for the blues exists, its quality is elusive. The fine points of timing and the subtle vocal and pitch variations are essential. It is generally regarded as a music that is deceivingly simple and too easily unappreciated by the untrained ear.

Handy’s parents and grandparents were among the four million slaves freed by President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. One in a sea of liberated souls, his paternal grandfather, William Wise Handy, became a well-respected citizen of Florence and the Methodist minister of his own church. Handy’s father followed in those footsteps, and the same future was planned for the young Handy. It was the boy’s maternal grandmother who hit upon his destiny by suggesting that her grandson’s big ears symbolized a talent for music.

The words thrilled him. At the age of 12, he fell in love with a guitar in a shop window, and one day, after counting out the salvaged earnings from his string of odd jobs, he was finally able to take his prize home. According to Handy’s autobiography, Father of the Blues, his parents were shocked and dismayed by his interest in the guitar. His outraged father apparently demanded that he return the “devil’s plaything” and exchange it for “something that ’ll do you some good.” The bewildered boy traded it in for a new Webster’s Unabridged

At a Glance…

Born William Christopher Handy, November 16, 1873, in Florence, AL; died of bronchial pneumonia, March 29, 1958, in New York City; son of Charles Bernard (a Methodist minister) and Elizabeth (Brewer) Handy; married Elizabeth Virginia Price, 1898 (died, 1937); married Irma Louise Logan (his longtime personal secretary), 1954; children: (first marriage) Lucille Handy Springer, William C. Handy, Jr., Katherine Handy Lewis, Florence Handy, Elizabeth Handy, Wyer Owens Handy, Education: Attended the Florence District School for Negroes for 11 years; received teaching degree from Huntsville Teachers Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1892.

Composer, bandmaster, cornetist, publisher, and author. Organized a quartet, c. 1892; toured with W. A. Mahara’s Minstrels as cornet player and bandleader, 1896-1900 and 1902-04; taught music at Teachers Agricultural and Mechanical College, Huntsville, AL; Pace & Handy Music Co., Memphis, TN, cofounder, 1908, relocated to New York City, 1918, became Handy Brothers Music Co., Inc., 1920; appeared at Carnegie Hall, 1928; composed more than 80 hymns, marches, and blues. Author of Father of the Blues, Collier Books, 1941, Editor of studies of black musicians and anthologies of black spirituals and blues.

Awards: Named to Ebony Hall of Fame, 1959; “Father of the Blues” commemorative six-cent stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office, 1960; W. C. Handy Day celebrated annually in Florence, AL, on November 16; streets and parks in New York, Tennesse, and Alabama named in Handy’s honor; several American blues awards bestowed in his honor.

Member: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Association of American Composers and Conductors, Negro Actors Guild of America, American Federation of Musicians, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.

Dictionary —and his father paid for organ lessons.

Handy received his education in the rudiments of music during his 11 years at the Florence District School for Negroes. His teacher was a lover of vocal music and took time to give his students voice and music instructions that would enable them to sing religious material—without the accompaniment of instruments. The students were introduced to works by classical composers such as Wilhelm Richard Wagner, Georges Bizet, and Giuseppe Verdi. They learned to sing in all keys, measures, and movements. But Handy longed to play instruments, so on the sly he bought an old cornet and took lessons from its former owner.

Down-and-Out in St. Louis

At age 15, Handy joined a minstrel show and began his musical career. But after touring only a few towns, the troupe fell apart, and the teenager found himself walking the railroad tracks back to Florence. In 1892, after graduating from the Huntsville Teachers Agricultural and Mechanical College and squeezing in a summer of teaching experience, he arrived in Birmingham to take the teachers’ examination. But when he heard that he could expect a salary of $25 or less per month, it didn’t take him long to opt for a job at a pipeworks company in the city of Bessemer instead. When wages there were cut, Handy returned to Birmingham, where he organized the Lauzette Quartet. At the announcement of the Chicago World’s Fair, the quartet boarded a tank car and, with only 20 cents between them, headed for fame. But once in Chicago they learned that the fair had been postponed for a year. The dejected band traveled south to St. Louis, Missouri, where they were soon forced to break up. The country was experiencing an economy in panic.

The St. Louis days would imprint themselves on W. C. Handy’s mind and music. They would bring the educated son of a minister closer to the experience of the downtrodden Negro. Surrounded by misery and opulence alike, the young black man suffered from hunger and lice, slept in a vacant lot, slumped in a poolroom chair, in a horse’s stall, and on the cobblestones of the levee of the Mississippi. As he related in his autobiography, his inner voice said repeatedly, “Your father was right, your proper place is in the ministry,” and his old schoolteacher’s words rang through his head, “What can music do but bring you to the gutter?,” but he never gave in. The musician continued to eke out a living playing his cornet and later noted that these down-and-out days would lead to the birth of his “St. Louis Blues.”

It was in Evansville, Kentucky, that Handy first gained popular attention. While playing with several local brass bands, word about his talent spread to Henderson, Kentucky, and he was soon hired by its Southern aristocracy. “I had my change that day in Henderson,” Handy wrote in his autobiography. “My change was from a hobo and a member of a road gang to a professional musician.” In Henderson, Handy also found another opportunity to expand his music education. He angled a job as a janitor in a German singing society only to get close to its director, a professor who was an accomplished teacher, music director, and author of several successful operas. Handy pounced on his every word: “I obtained a post-graduate course in vocal music—and got paid for it,” he proclaimed. It was also in that town that Handy met and married his first wife, Elizabeth Virginia Price.

In 1896, Handy was invited to Chicago to join W. A. Mahara’s Minstrels, a move he would look back at as “the big moment that was to shape my course in life.” As bandleader and soloist he toured with the Minstrels from 1896 to 1900 and again from 1902 to 1904. In the years between he was music teacher and bandmaster at his old college in Huntsville. The Minstrels had an adventurous on-the-road history together, crisscrossing the South and traveling as far as Cuba. When the band had an engagement in Alabama, Handy, Sr. took in the show. The minister evidently had a change of heart: “Sonny,” he said, as recounted in Father of the Blues, “I haven’t been in a show since I professed religion. I enjoyed it. I am very proud of you and forgive you for becoming a musician.” Welcome words from the man who once told his young son that he’d rather follow his hearse than see him follow music.

Vote Crump for Mayor

The year was 1909 and Edward H. “Boss” Crump was running for mayor of Memphis. He needed a campaign band. Handy’s group was hired, and “Mr. Crump,” the campaign song, came to be. Handy had written it without words but soon—without the reformist candidate’s knowledge—included lyrics based upon spontaneous comments from the disgruntled crowd: “Mr. Crump won’t ’low no easy riders here/Mr. Crump won’t ’low no easy riders here/We don’t care what Mr. Crump don’t ’low/We gon’to bar’l-house anyhow—/Mr. Crump can go and catch hisself some air!”

Crump was elected—perhaps in spite of the song—and the campaign tune was to meet its end, but by that time it had gained such popularity that Handy decided to have it published. He changed the embarrassing lyrics, and “Mr. Crump” turned into “Memphis Blues.” Handy entered into an agreement with two white men. One was to arrange the printing and the other, who owned a music publishing company and a record store, would take care of the distribution.

After repeated rejections from stores, the defeated Handy agreed to cover his costs and sell the copyright of “Memphis Blues” to the second man for $50. What Handy did not know then was that the “exploiter,” as the musician referred to him in his autobiography, had printed twice the agreed-upon number of records and was successfully distributing them in the North. Despite the injustice, the copyright of “Memphis Blues” marked the first time that the blues had ever been set in print.

“Heart Like a Rock”

Melancholy about the growing popularity of a song that was no longer his, Handy started searching for a second hit. He holed himself up in a rented room and set to work. Snatches of street life drifted in through the window. “Ma man’s got a heart like a rock cast in the sea,” is said to have come from the lips of a drunken black woman stumbling down the dimly lit street. The mournful words worked their way into his soul and triggered the flood of memories of his own lost and hungry St. Louis days. He wrote, “I hate to see de evenin’ sun go down,” and between midnight and dawn, a classic—”St. Louis Blues”—was born.

“St. Louis Blues” was followed by a flurry of other compositions, including “Jogo Blues,” “Yellow Dog Blues,” “Joe Turner Blues,” and “Beale Street Blues.” In 1908, Handy and Harry H. Pace, a singer and songwriter, created the Pace & Handy Music Company. The company soon thrived. Handy and the blues were on their way.

Handy found that he could no longer endure the rising racial tensions in the South. In 1918, the year that saw the end of World War I, the Pace & Handy Music Company moved to Manhattan. After two years of popular if not monetary success, Pace decided to pull out and go in his own direction. Pace & Handy was renamed Handy Brothers Music Company and can still be found at the same Broadway address today. Throughout his life Handy was troubled with failing eyesight, and it was at this fiscally shaky time that he went totally blind. But it was a temporary condition. He regained his sight and composed Aunt Hagar’s Children Blues, which turned out to be the hit that put him on a solid financial ground. In 1926, Handy edited Blues: An Anthology. His public continued to grow, and the blues gathered speed.

“Father of the Blues”

In 1928, Carnegie Hall witnessed its first evening of black music. By entering this bastion of white classical music, W. C. Handy and the blues stepped arm-in-arm into the limelight, and half a century later, his daughter, Katherine Handy Lewis, would be back at the Hall to sing at the 1981 recreation of that historic milestone. The World War II years continued to be productive and brought increased fame to Handy. He even managed to heal an old disappointment by being honored at the 1940 New York World’s Fair. A year later the composer told his story in his autobiography, Father of the Blues, and then in 1958, he was portrayed by Nat King Cole in Paramount’s St. Louis Blues, a film based on his life. Streets and parks from Alabama to Memphis to New York were named after him. The “Father of the Blues” has remained a beloved public figure decades after his death in 1958.

Handy’s life was a rich one, but it was not untouched by sorrow. In 1937, his beloved wife, Elizabeth, died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Years earlier the couple had lost one of their six children, and in 1943, Handy himself came perilously close to death after falling off a New York City subway platform and fracturing his skull. The accident left him blind and bound to a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.

The composer of more than 80 hymns, marches, and blues tunes, W. C. Handy did more to carry the blues into the mainstream of music than any other man. His contribution is a legacy that has exerted a profound and lasting influence on twentieth-century music—a legacy that includes rock ’n roll, which was an offshoot of Chicago’s electrified blues. It was Handy’s background of solid education and training in classical music that set him apart from his fellow black musicians. It seems to have taken someone with a foot in each world to open the door between them and let the blues come in.

Selected discography

“Memphis Blues” (originally “Mr. Crump,” 1909), Handy Brothers Music Co., 1912.

“Jogo Blues,” Handy Brothers Music Co., 1913.

“Yellow Dog Blues,” Handy Brothers Music Co., 1914.

“St. Louis Blues,” Varsity, 1914.

“Hesitating Blues,” Handy Brothers Music Co., 1915.

“Joe Turner Blues,” Robbins Music Corp. 1915.

“Beale Street Blues,” Handy Brothers Music Co., 1917.

“Aunt Hagar’s Children Blues,” Handy Brothers Music Co., 1921.

“Loveless Love” (better known as “Careless Love”), Varsity, 1921.

Sources

Books

Handy, W. C., Father of the Blues, Collier Books, 1941.

Palmer, Robert, Deep Blues, Penguin Books, 1982.

Periodicals

Boston Globe, November 1949.

Ebony, December 1957; February 1959.

Newsweek, April 1958.

United Press, August 1944.

—Iva Sipal

HANDY, W. C. 1873-1958

Blues composer and bandleader

The Father of the Blues

W. C. Handy is often called "The Father of the Blues," a title he gave himself. Most music historians believe that the blues—songs with three-line verses of woeful lyrics and a melody marked by repeated use of flatted thirds and sevenths (blue notes)—were being performed by African American folksingers before the turn of the twentieth century. While Handy did not invent the blues, he deserves credit for popularizing the genre, because he was the first musician to publish blues sheet music. He also had good timing: the song that made him famous, "The St. Louis Blues," appeared in 1914, a year in which African American music was in vogue nation-wide among whites as well as blacks.

Early Years

William Christopher Handy was born on 16 November 1873 to former slaves in Florence, Alabama. From childhood he longed to be a musician, despite the disapproval of his father, a Methodist minister. He sang choral music and learned to play the cornet and the guitar. During his teens he toured with a minstrel show, a vocal quartet, and various brass bands, and in 1896 he joined Mahara's Minstrels, a touring group in which he played solo cornet, arranged orchestrations, and conducted. He received his first press notices with the group, which made a cylinder record in 1897. In 1900 Handy, who had married Elizabeth Price in 1898, took a position teaching music at a black college in Alabama, during which time the first two of his five children were born. He left teaching and returned to Mahara's Minstrels for a final season in 1902.

The Blues

The following year Handy became conductor of the all-black Knights of Pythias Band. During its tours of the southern states, he was drawn to the folk music of local black musicians, songs that, as he later remembered, "consisted of simple declarations expressed usually in three lines and set to a kind of earth-born music that was familiar throughout the Southland half a century ago." He was particularly struck by the haunting quality of the music. By this time Handy had seen enough of the world to feel troubled about his place in it: while both Mahara's Minstrels and the Knights of Pythias Band drew enthusiastic white audiences, they traveled in segregated railroad cars and, especially in the Deep South, frequently faced threats of lynching and other violence.

A Break in Memphis

By 1909 Handy had settled in Memphis, where he conducted a dance band in a popular club. Because the owners were involved in local politics, Handy was enlisted to write a campaign song for E. H. "Boss" Crump, who was running for mayor of Memphis on a reform platform. Initally called "Mr. Crump," this song—a dance tune that incorporated the rhythms of ragtime and the tango (another style Handy believed to be rooted in African traditions)—became Handy's "Memphis Blues," which he published at his own expense in 1912. A year later a New York City publisher offered him fifty dollars for the right to republish it with lyrics, and it became a hit. Handy was happy about the song's success but chagrined that the publisher, not he, was profiting from it. The next year, with a partner named Harry Pace, he founded his own publishing company, for which he wrote "St. Louis Blues," based on his memories of being broke in that city as a young musician. Over the next few years he also wrote and published "Yellow Dog Blues" (1914), "Joe Turner Blues" (1915), "The Hesitating Blues" (1915), and "Beale Street Blues" (1917).

A Power in Tin Pan Alley

While continuing to lead bands, Handy moved his publishing firm to Chicago in 1917 and then in 1918 to New York City. In addition to Handy's own blues music, the company published other popular songs such as "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" (1918), an Eddie Green song made a hit by Sophie Tucker. Handy's "St. Louis Blues" was widely recorded, especially after Tucker sang it in vaudeville. (Over the following decades it would become the most-recorded blues song of all time.) Handy's own band recorded blues in 1917 for Columbia, which promoted the records by declaring Handy Week in towns across the country. Handy's influence is also evident in the use of blues numbers in popular musicals by white composers, including George Gershwin.

Later Years

Handy continued publishing, writing, arranging, conducting, and recording music during the 1920s and 1930s, though his eyesight was rapidly failing. In 1926 he published Blues: An Anthology, an influential work in the Harlem Renaissance. During the last twenty years of his life he was completely blind but continued to work. He made his last recording in 1939 and published his autobiography, Father of the Blues, in 1941. His first wife died in 1937, and he was remarried in 1954, to his secretary, Irma Logan. He died on 28 March 1958 in New York City. That year millions of Americans saw the movie version of his life story, St. Louis Blues, starring Nat "King" Cole.

Sources:

David Ewen, Great Men of American Popular Song (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970);

W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues (New York: Da Capo Press, 1941).

William Christopher Handy

The African American songwriter William Christopher Handy (1873-1958), known as the father of the blues, was the first person to notate and publish blues songs. He wrote over 60 blues, spirituals, and popular tunes.

On Nov. 16, 1873, W. C. Handy was born in Florence, Ala., the son of two Methodist ministers. He studied at Kentucky Musical College, to the dismay of his father, who regarded secular music as a branch of the devil's activities. At an early age he left home to tour with a minstrel show. As a bandleader for Mahara's Minstrels for much of the period between 1896 and 1903, he first made contract with early blues and jazz. He moved to Memphis, Tenn., and led a band that featured his attempts to incorporate blues tunes and jazz motifs into written arrangements.

In 1909 Handy wrote his first song, "Mr. Crump, " for a political campaign. He changed the title to "Memphis Blues" when he published it in 1912. His most famous number, "St. Louis Blues, " appeared in 1914, followed by "Yellow Dog Blues" (1914), "Beale Street Blues" (1916), "Careless (or "Loveless") Love" (1921), and many others.

Handy is a somewhat enigmatic figure; in his lifetime he was bitterly accused by some musicians of plagiarism. It seems probable that he was less the original composer he claimed to be, more a sensitive collector of traditional material. Even if this is the case, his services as a folklorist should not be minimized; probably no one else has preserved such a wealth of blues material. As a performing musician, Handy was a competent instrumentalist in the European tradition, with no apparent ability as a jazz soloist.

Handy formed his own music publishing business in 1913. This, plus the royalties from his songs, brought him considerable wealth. But in the 1930s his sight began to fail, and by 1943 he was totally blind. In his later years he worked unceasingly for his W. C. Handy Foundation for the Blind and other charitable organizations.

His first wife, Elizabeth Price, with whom he had six children, died in 1937. In 1954, at the age of 80, he married again. He was honored by having a theater and a park in Memphis, and a library in Philadelphia named after him during his lifetime. He died in 1958; in 1959 the W. C. Handy 6-cent postage stamp was issued.

Further Reading

Handy edited Blues: An Anthology (1926; reprinted in 1950 as A Treasury of the Blues), which contains a comprehensive selection of blues by him and others and includes biographical material on Handy. Handy's Father of the Blues (1941) is autobiographical, revealing Handy as likeable, generous, and at times naively conservative. See also Marshall Stern, The Story of Jazz (1958), and Gunther Schuller, Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development (1968). □