Tristram and Isolde

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Tristan, Tristram, Tristrem, Trystan. Cornish knight, lover of Iseult, whose story became attached to the court of King Arthur. Modern commentators trace several antecedents of Tristan's name, the earliest being the ‘Tristan Stone’, a monolith near Fowey, Cornwall, 30 miles S of Tintagel, with a Latin inscription (6th cent.?) to Drustanus. The Welsh Triads (12th cent.) associates Drystan, a name of apparent Pictish origin, with a person named March. Drystan, in turn, has been linked to Drust or Drustan, an obscure Pictish king who died in 780. Marie de France's Lai du Chèvrefeuil (c.1160) depicts an already existing Tristan-Iseult union but does not place it at Arthur's court. About the same time Thomas of Britain did place the lovers within Arthuriana in his Anglo-Norman verse Tristan, most of which does not survive. Three later texts, Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan (c.1210), Eilhart von Oberg's Tristrant (c.1175), and Béroul's Tristan (c.1170), shape the narrative as it has survived since medieval times. Tristan is sent to Ireland to bring back Iseult, betrothed to his uncle, King Mark, whom the girl has never seen. Iseult's mother, hoping that her daughter will find love in an arranged marriage, prepares a potion which she entrusts to a nurse, Brangwain. En route the young people drink the potion by mistake and soon consummate their love. Many intrigues and digressions follow, but Iseult eventually returns to Mark while Tristan goes into exile. While abroad in Brittany, Tristan marries but does not sleep with Iseult of the White Hands, who jealously tells her mortally wounded husband that the true Iseult is not on a vessel he is awaiting and so causes him to die of despair before he can finally be reunited with her.

While much of the prestige still accorded the Tristan story comes from its being seen as an important expression of the ideals of romantic love first propounded by the Provençal troubadours of the 12th century, the outlines of its love triangle have many international correlatives, notably in the medieval Arab story of Kais and Lobna. The often-cited Celtic counterparts are Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne [The Pursuit of Diarmait and Gráinne] and the Deirdre story.

Bibliography

See Gertrude Schoepperle , Tristan and Isolt: A Study of the Sources of the Romance (2 vols., London, 1913);
Sigmund Eisner , The Tristan Legend: A Study in Sources (Evanston, Ill., 1969);
Rachel Bromwich , ‘Some Remarks on the Celtic Sources of Tristan’, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1955), 32–60;
Raymond Cormier , ‘Remarks on the Tale of Deirdriu and Noisiu and the Tristan Legend’, Études Celtiques, 15 (1976–8), 303–15;
Oliver J. Padel , ‘The Cornish Background of the Tristan Stories’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 1 (1981), 53–81

Tristram and Isoud (Tristan and Isolde); the long story of Tristram de Lyones is the fifth of Vinaver's eight Works of Malory. The love of Tristram and Isoud is much older than the corresponding Arthurian story of the love of Launcelot and Guinevere, and it was incorporated into the Arthurian legends only at a late stage. It is thought likely that there was a Tristan romance (since lost) by Chrétien de Troyes in the 1170s, and it is possible that there was an early Provençal Tristan. There are three versions surviving from the 12th cent. The first English version is Sir Tristrem, a northern 3,344-line romance in 11-line stanzas dating from c.1300 (unpersuasively attributed to Thomas of Erceldoune). In Malory, Tristram is the child of Meliodas, king of Lyonesse, and Elizabeth, the sister of King Mark of Cornwall, who dies soon after his sorrowful birth. The sad child is brought up at the court of King Mark whose attitude to the boy varies in different versions from great affection to jealousy. Tristram defeats and kills Sir Marhalt (Marhaus), the brother of Isoud, queen of Ireland. Tristram is sent to Ireland to be cured of his wounds by Isoud the queen, and he falls in love with her daughter Isoud; when the queen discovers that this knight (whom she too holds in special esteem) is the slayer of her brother, Tristram returns to Cornwall. Later King Mark sends Tristram as ambassador in seeking for him the hand of the younger Isoud. The princess and her maid Brangwayn return by ship to Cornwall; Brangwayn has been given a love-potion by Queen Isoud to be given on their wedding-night to Isoud and King Mark, which will bind them in unending love. By mistake the love-potion is drunk by Tristram and Isoud who are bound thereafter in endless passion, though Isoud has to marry Mark. The rest of the story is concerned with the fated love of Tristram and Isoud and the subterfuges which the lovers have to adopt. Tristram leaves Mark's court and, while fighting for Howel of Brittany, falls in love with and marries a third Isoud (Isolde of the White Hands). But, on the invitation of Isoud of Ireland, he returns to Cornwall where he is killed by Mark while playing his harp before Isoud. In some versions his death is not mentioned at all; in the most celebrated (adopted by Wagner) Tristram sends for Isoud while he lies dying in Brittany. If she is on the ship when it returns, a white flag is to be flown; if not, a black one. The flag is white, but Isoud of the White Hands tells Tristram it is black, whereupon he dies. When Isoud comes to his bedside, she dies too. The story is the classic of medieval romance and of medieval love poetry.

Tristram and Isolde , medieval romance. The earliest extant version (incomplete) was written (c.1185) by Thomas of Britain in Anglo-Norman French verse. About 1210, Gottfried von Strassburg wrote in German verse a version based on that of Thomas. The story, originally independent of the Arthurian legend , was later incorporated with it. In the 15th cent. Sir Thomas Malory included Tristram and Isolde in his Morte d' Arthur. The story is mainly Irish in origin, with details from other sources. Although the many versions of the story naturally differ, the basic plot is much the same in all of them. Sir Tristram is sent to Ireland to bring Isolde the Fair back to Cornwall to be the bride of his uncle, King Mark. A potion that Tristram and Isolde unwittingly swallow binds them in eternal love. According to most versions of the story, after many trysts the lovers become estranged, and Tristram marries another Isolde, Isolde of the White Hands. Later, dying of a battle wound, Tristram sends for Isolde the Fair. Deceived into believing she is not coming, Tristram dies of despair, and Isolde, on finding her lover dead, dies of grief beside him. The names of the two chief characters appear in various forms, such as Tristran, Tristrem, or Tristan and Isolt, Yseult, or Iseult. Modern versions of the story include Matthew Arnold, Tristram and Iseult; A. C. Swinburne, Tristram of Lyonesse; Joseph Bédier, Tristan and Iseult; and E. A. Robinson, Tristram. Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde is based on the version of Gottfried von Strassburg. For translation of the version by Thomas of Britain, see R. S. Loomis, The Romance of Tristram & Ysolt (rev. ed. 1951); for translation of the version by Gottfried von Strassburg, see A. T. Hatto, Tristan (1960).

Bibliography: See W. T. H. Jackson, Anatomy of Love: A Study of the Tristan of Gottfried von Strassburg (1971).

Tristan ♂ From Celtic legend, the name borne by a hero of medieval romance. There are many different versions of the immensely popular tragic story of Tristan and his love for Isolde. Generally, they agree that Tristan was an envoy sent by King Mark of Cornwall to bring back his bride, the Irish princess Isolde. Unfortunately, Tristan and Isolde fall in love with each other, having accidentally drunk the love potion intended for King Mark's wedding night. Tristan eventually leaves Cornwall to fight for King Howel of Brittany. Wounded in battle, he sends for Isolde. She arrives too late, and dies of grief beside his bier. The name Tristan is of unknown derivation, though it may be connected with Pictish Drostan; it has been altered from an irrecoverable original as a result of transmission through Old French sources that insisted on associating it with Latin tristis ‘sad’, a reference to the young knight's tragic fate.

Variant: Trystan (mainly Welsh).

Tristan (Tristram) Hero of many medieval romances, most commonly as a knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian romances. His fatal love for the Irish Princess Isolde (or Iseult) is the subject of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan and Isolde (1865). See also Arthur

Tristan see Tristram and Isolde .