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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , separate peace treaty in World War I, signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, Mar. 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest , Belarus). After the separate armistice of Dec. 5, 1917, long, bitter negotiations were conducted by Leon Trotsky for Russia, Richard von Kühlmann for Germany, and Count Ottokar Czernin for Austria-Hungary (the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were also represented). Trotsky at one point suspended negotiations, but Germany resumed warfare and the Soviets—on the insistence of Lenin—accepted the German ultimatum, which set conditions even harsher than at first. Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine and Georgia; confirmed the independence of Finland; gave up Poland, the Baltic states, and part of what is now Belarus to Germany and Austria-Hungary; and ceded Kars, Ardahan, and Batum to the Ottomans. Later, Germany demanded a large indemnity. The general armistice of Nov. 11, 1918, forced Germany to renounce the treaty, and Russia also declared it null and void. The western frontiers of Russia were later agreed upon by a series of separate treaties. |
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"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-BrestLit.html "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-BrestLit.html |
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Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (3 Mar. 1918) The first peace treaty of World War I, concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Although first proposed in December 1917, Trotsky skilfully prolonged discussions in the hope of Allied help, or of a socialist uprising by German and Austrian industrial workers. Neither happened and the German army resumed its advance. Lenin finally ordered his delegates to accept the German terms, which were now even tougher than before. In return for peace on the Eastern Front, Russia lost Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, west Belorussia (Belarus), Poland, the Ukraine, and parts of the Caucasus. It thus lost almost half of its European territories, with around 75 per cent of its heavy industries. Russia was also obliged to pay 6 billion gold marks in reparations. The treaty was annulled by the Allies on 11 November 1918, after the German defeat. Nevertheless, Russia only managed to reclaim the Ukraine and its Asian territories after the Russian Civil War.
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html |
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Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) An agreement between Soviet Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, signed in the town of that name in Poland. The conference opened in December 1917 in order to end Soviet participation in World War I. TROTSKY skilfully prolonged discussions in the hope of Allied help for the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION or of a socialist uprising of German and Austro-Hungarian workers. Neither happened. LENIN capitulated and ordered his delegates to accept the German terms. By the treaty, Russia surrendered nearly half of its European territory: Finland, the Baltic provinces, Belorussia (now Belarus), Poland, the Ukraine, and parts of the Caucasus. The German armistice in the west (November 1918) annulled the treaty, but in the VERSAILLES PEACE SETTLEMENT Russia only regained the Ukraine.
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"Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html |
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Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (March 1918) Peace treaty between Russia and the Central Powers, confirming Russian withdrawal from World War I. The Ukraine and Georgia became independent and Russian territory was surrendered to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The treaty was declared void when the war ended in November.
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"Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html "Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-BrestLitovskTreatyof.html |
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