Middle Eastern Physical Geography

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Tigris

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Tigris , river of SW Asia, c.1,150 mi (1,850 km) long, rising in the Taurus Mts., E Turkey, and flowing SE through Iraq to join the Euphrates River, with which it forms the Shatt al Arab. It flows swiftly and receives many tributaries, including the Diyala, originating in the Zagros Mts., and the Great and Little Zab. The lower Tigris is connected to the Euphrates by semipermanent natural channels and by ancient canals. Much of the marshland along the lower Tigris was drained in the early 1990s; restoration began in 2003. Dams across the river divert water for irrigation.

The Tigris is subject to sudden, devastating floods, and the Wadi Ath Tharthar Scheme, Iraq's largest flood-control project, protects Baghdad and vicinity from floods in addition to irrigating c.770,000 acres (311,600 hectares) of land. New large-scale projects in Turkey aimed at increasing irrigated land area there threaten to cause problems in countries downstream that rely on the river's resources. The Tigris is navigable to Baghdad for shallow-draft vessels; above Baghdad, rafts carry much of the trade to Mosul. Its importance as a trade artery has declined with improved road and rail connections. Basra , at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, is Iraq's chief port.

In antiquity, some of the great cities of Mesopotamia, including Nineveh , Ctesiphon , and Seleucia , stood on the banks of the Tigris, and the river served as an important transportation route. The Tigris floodplain was cultivated by irrigation from the earliest times; the Sumerians dug a canal from the Tigris to Lagash c.2400 BC The Tigris is called the Hiddekil in the Bible.

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"Tigris." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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Tigris

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Tigris River in sw Asia. It rises in the Taurus Mountains of e Turkey and flows se through Iraq, joining the River Euphrates to form the Shatt al Arab waterway. The river is liable to sudden flooding, but there are flood-control schemes and the river irrigates more than 300,000ha (750,000 acres). The Tigris is navigable for shallow-draught vessels as far as Baghdad. Length: c.1900km (1180mi).

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"Tigris." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Tigris.html

"Tigris." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Tigris.html

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Tigris

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Tigris (Turkish: Dicle; Arabic: Dijlah), Turkey‐Syria‐Iraq A river whose Arabic name comes from the Old Persian name Tigra ‘Arrow’, an acknowledgement that it has a faster flow than its sister river, the Euphrates.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Tigris." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Tigris." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Tigris.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Tigris." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Tigris.html

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Tigris

A Dictionary of the Bible | 1997 | | Copyright

Tigris One of the two major rivers that made possible the civilization of the ancient Near East and on which Nineveh and Asshur stood.

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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Tigris." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Tigris." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Tigris.html

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Tigris." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Tigris.html

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Tigris

Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes | 2007 | Copyright

Tigris •arris, Clarice, Harries, Harris, Paris •mattress • actress • benefactress •Polaris • enchantress •derris, Nerys, terrace •Emrys • empress •directress, Electress •temptress • sempstress •Apollinaris, heiress •waitress • seamstress • ex libris •headmistress, mistress •housemistress • toastmistress •schoolmistress • ancestress •dentifrice •iris, Osiris •tigress, Tigris •cypress •Boris, doch-an-dorris, Doris, Horace, Maurice, Norris, orris •cantoris, Dolores, loris •laundress • fortress • jointress •hubris • buttress •conductress, instructress, seductress •huntress • peeress • Beatrice •arbitress • berberis • anchoress •ephemeris • ambassadress •adventuress • clitoris • authoress •avarice

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