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The Indo-European Family of Languages

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

The Indo-European Family of Languages

Asterisk indicates a dead language.

The Indo-European Family of Languages

Subfamily	Group	Subgroup	Languages and Principal Dialects

Anatolian			Hieroglypic Hittite , Hittite (Kanesian) , Luwian , Lycian , Lydian , Palaic
Baltic			Latvian (Lettish), Lithuanian , Old Prussian
Celtic	Brythonic		Breton, Cornish, Welsh
	Continental		Gaulish
	Goidelic or Gaelic		Irish (Irish Gaelic), Manx , Scottish Gaelic
Germanic	East Germanic		Burgundian , Gothic , Vandalic
	North Germanic		Old Norse (see Norse ), Danish , Faeroese, Icelandic , Norwegian , Swedish
	West Germanic (see Grimm's law )	High German	German , Yiddish
	West Germanic (see Grimm's law )	Low German	Afrikaans , Dutch , English , Flemish , Frisian , Plattdeutsch (see German language )
Greek			Aeolic , Arcadian , Attic , Byzantine Greek , Cyprian , Doric , Ionic , Koinē , Modern Greek
Indo-Iranian	Dardic or Pisacha		Kafiri, Kashmiri, Khowar, Kohistani, Romany (Gypsy), Shina
	Indic or Indo-Aryan		Pali , Prakrit , Sanskrit , Vedic
		Central Indic	Hindi , Hindustani , Urdu
		East Indic	Assamese, Bengali (Bangla), Bihari, Oriya
		Northwest Indic	Punjabi, Sindhi
		Pahari	Central Pahari, Eastern Pahari (Nepali), Western Pahari
		South Indic	Marathi (including major dialect Konkani), Sinhalese (Singhalese)
		West Indic	Bhili, Gujarati, Rajasthani (many dialects)
	Iranian		Avestan , Old Persian
		East Iranian	Baluchi, Khwarazmian , Ossetic, Pamir dialects, Pashto (Afghan), Saka (Khotanese) , Sogdian , Yaghnobi
		West Iranian	Kurdish, Pahlavi (Middle Persian) , Parthian , Persian (Farsi), Tajiki
Italic	(Non-Romance)		Faliscan , Latin , Oscan , Umbrian
	Romance or Romanic	Eastern Romance	Italian , Rhaeto-Romanic , Romanian , Sardinian
	Romance or Romanic	Western Romance	Catalan , French , Ladino, Portuguese , Provençal, Spanish
Slavic or Slavonic	East Slavic		Belarusian (White Russian), Russian , Ukrainian
	South Slavic		Bulgarian , Church Slavonic , Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian , Slovenian
	West Slavic		Czech , Kashubian, Lusatian (Sorbian or Wendish), Polabian , Polish , Slovak
Thraco-Illyrian			Albanian, Illyrian , Thracian
Thraco-Phrygian			Armenian , Grabar (Classical Armenian) , Phrygian
Tokharian (W China)			Tokharian A (Agnean) , Tokharian B (Kuchean)

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Indo-European languages

World Encyclopedia | 2005 | Copyright

Indo-European languages Family of languages spoken throughout all of Europe and sw and s Asia, and used in all the areas of European settlement, such as Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, the USA, and Latin America. It consists of the following subgroups: the Germanic languages, the Celtic languages and the Indo-Iranian (including Persian, Avestan, and the Indic languages – Sanskrit, Pali, and modern Hindi). Other languages and groups in the family are Armenian, Albanian, Greek, the Italic languages (including Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages), the Baltic group (including Latvian and Lithuanian), and the Slavic group (including Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Croatian, and others). About half the world's population speaks an Indo-European language.

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Indo-European

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English | 2009 | Copyright

In·do-Eu·ro·pe·an • adj. of or relating to the family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India. ∎ another term for Proto-Indo-European. • n. 1. the ancestral Proto-Indo-European language. ∎ the Indo-European family of languages. 2. a speaker of an Indo-European language, esp. Proto-Indo-European.

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	'Indo-European' designates languages: not pots and not institutions. Magazine article from: Antiquity; 9/1/2005
	Horse, wagon & chariot: Indo-European languages and archaeology. Magazine article from: Antiquity; 9/1/1995
	Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 4/1/2006