Sukarno

Sukarno (1901-1970) was the first president of Indonesia, a nationalist leader, and a demagogue. He was the founder of the Republic of Indonesia and a dominant figure throughout its history until his death.

Sukarno was born on June 6, 1901, in Surabaya, East Java, of a Javanese father and Balinese mother. At an early age the family moved to Modjokerto, where his father taught school. Sukarno's adequate knowledge of Dutch made it possible for him to enter the European elementary school. In 1916 he enrolled at a high school in Surabaya. During this period he lived with H. O. S. Tjokroaminoto a prominent Islamic leader and head of Sarekat Islam. The 5 years (1916-1921) Sukarno spent in Surabaya were most important in his future intellectual and political development, for here he came in contact with prominent Indonesian nationalists and with Dutch socialists.

In 1920 the left wing of the Sarekat Islam split away and formed the Indonesian Communist party (PKI). The following year Sukarno entered the Institute of Technology in Bandung, from which he graduated in 1926 as an engineer. He embarked on a political career, publishing a series of articles in which he endeavored to reconcile the two contending factions by trying to show that Islam and communism (socialism) were not incompatible.

The rallying force for Indonesian independence was to be nationalism, aggressively pursued. The enemies common to all groups in Indonesia were, in his judgment, imperialism and capitalism, both exemplified in the Dutch. Sukarno's belief that a misunderstanding had brought about the conflict between Islam and communism was first presented in 1926 and continued into the sixties.

Revolutionary and Independence Leader

In 1927 Sukarno became chairman of the Nationalist Study Club in Bandung. With the founding of the Indonesian Nationalist party (PNI) in 1927 and the earlier banning of the PKI as a result of the Madiun revolt in 1926, Sukarno's task of unifying the various nationalist groups was made much easier. His spellbinding oratory and his ability to phrase his political goals in a language the masses could understand soon made him a national hero. His influence and fame were greatly enhanced by his trial in 1930. As a result of anticolonialist utterances, he had been accused by the government of the Dutch Indies of treason and sentenced to 4 years in prison, only 2 of which he had to serve. It was on the occasion of this trial that he delivered his famed defense speech, Indonesia Menggugat (Indonesia Accuses), which is considered one of the most important statements of his credo.

Shortly after his release Sukarno was arrested again, and was exiled to Ende on the island of Flores in February 1934. Four years later he was moved to Bencoolen in Sumatra. Sukarno was released when the Japanese occupied Indonesia in March 1942. The Japanese, familiar with Sukarno's strong anticolonialist views, made him a leader in their various organizations, and in June 1945 he headed the very important preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence.

Sukarno indicated clearly that his goal had always been, and still was, Indonesia's independence. On this occasion he set forth in eloquent terms the Pantjasila, or Five Pillars: nationalism, internationalism, democracy, social justice, and belief in God. On Aug. 17, 1945, Sukarno, at the strong urging of youth groups and colleagues, proclaimed his country's independence in Djakarta, and he became the first president of the new Republic of Indonesia, a position he retained for almost 21 years.

Internal Strife

After the transfer of sovereignty on December 27, 1949, the unity which Sukarno succeeded in maintaining during the revolution fell apart, and the three ideological groups began attacking each other. In this feuding, Sukarno found allies in the Indonesian Communist party and in the Nahdatul Ulama, a conservative Islamic party. He could also continue to count on the support of his PNI.

In 1959 Sukarno reintroduced the Constitution of 1945, which gave the president full powers, responsible only to a very weak Congress. He dissolved Congress, banned the Masjumi (liberal Moslem) party and the Socialist party (PSI), and ruled by decree. He then introduced the concept of "guided democracy" and called for the extermination of neoimperialism and neocolonialism and the establishment of a socialist society.

To achieve these goals, Sukarno united three groups whose philosophies were respectively nationalism (nasionalisme), religion (agama), and communism (komunisme) into an ideological front to which he gave the acronym Nasakom. This union was not successful, however, because the first two groups became unhappy at the extraordinarily rapid rise of the PKI and at Sukarno's strong praise of this party.

Upheaval and Death

The army and the PKI had been enemies from the earliest days of the republic, and with the abortive coup on Oct. 1, 1965, led by alleged Communist sympathizers, Sukarno's days as president were numbered. Thousands of people were killed in the purge that followed. The army, under Gen. Suharto, assisted in the pogrom and supported the Indonesian students in their move to bring down Sukarno.

Under this pressure Sukarno, on March 11, 1966, transferred his presidential powers to Gen. Suharto, who was reluctant to remove Sukarno completely from the scene. The latter refused to go along with the new developments, and a year later he was deposed and placed under house confinement in Bogor, where he remained, a physically ill man, until a few days before his death in a Djakarta hospital on June 21, 1970, of complications from kidney trouble and high blood pressure. Sukarno was not accorded a place in the Heroes' Cemetery in Djakarta but was buried beside his mother in Blitar, East Java.

Sukarno's significance in the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia is tremendous. His devotion to his principles, first enunciated in 1926, was unswerving. A brilliant orator, a charismatic leader, and an idealist, he achieved his original goal but failed as a "man of facts" and readily admitted that he was not an economist. His rule has been called the era of slogans rather than performance.

Further Reading

Important insights into Sukarno's political thinking are in the English translations of his Marhaen and Proletarian (1960) and Nationalism, Islam and Marxism (1970). Useful and interesting is Sukarno: An Autobiography as Told to Cindy Adams (1965). Somewhat less useful and journalistic in style is Cindy Adams, My Friend the Dictator (1967). There is as yet no full-length biography of Sukarno. Bernhard Dahm, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (1969), is an important political biography. A less detailed but useful work on Sukarno's ideology is Donald E. Weatherbee, Ideology in Indonesia: Sukarno's Indonesian Revolution (1966). Very brief but informative is Hal Kosut, ed., Indonesia; The Sukarno Years (1967), which serves as an introduction to the study of those turbulent years in Southeast Asian history. □

Sukarno , 1901-70, Indonesian statesman, first president of Indonesia. A leader of the radical nationalist movement founded in 1927, he was jailed and exiled by the Dutch at various times in the 1930s. During World War II, Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese when Indonesia was occupied by them, while still continuing his agitation for Indonesian independence. After the war he and Mohammad Hatta played a crucial part in the establishment (Aug., 1945) of the Republic of Indonesia . In the 1950s, Sukarno attempted to consolidate his multi-island nation. He established (1956) a "guided democracy," with a cabinet that represented all political parties. Regional and factional problems, however, led him, in July, 1959, to dissolve the constituent assembly and assume full dictatorial powers. In 1962, Sukarno ordered sporadic raids on Dutch New Guinea, intensifying a conflict that resulted in UN intervention; his action, however, brought Dutch New Guinea under Indonesian administration in May, 1963. Sukarno, who proclaimed himself president for life in 1963, increased his country's ties to Communist China in the late 1950s and 60s and admitted increasing numbers of Communists and pro-Communists to his government. In 1963 he announced his opposition to the British-sponsored Federation of Malaysia and withdrew (1965) Indonesia from the United Nations after Malaysia took its seat on the Security Council. An attempted Communist coup late in 1965 led to a military takeover in Indonesia by General Suharto , who replaced Sukarno as effective ruler of Indonesia. In 1966, Sukarno was stripped of his title of president for life. He remained under house arrest until his death. Megawati Sukarnoputri is his daughter.

Bibliography: See C. L. M. Penders, The Life and Times of Sukarno (1974); J. D. Legge, Sukarno (2d ed. 1985).

Sukarno, Achmad (b. 6 June 1901, d. 21 June 1970). President of Indonesia 1949–68 Born in Surabaya, he studied engineering in Bandung, where he became involved in the foundation of the Partai Nasionalis Indonesia (PNI) in 1927. Imprisoned by the Dutch colonial authorities 1929–31, he was exiled to Sumatra in 1933. He returned to Jakarta following the Japanese invasion, supporting the Japanese war effort in return for Japanese acceptance of his leadership among the nationalist community. By the end of World War II he had thus acquired a unique position of authority among the Indonesian peoples, enabling him to declare Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945. He became President on 18 August, and subsequently united the heterogeneous resistance forces against the Dutch who were eager to reclaim their erstwhile colony. He was officially confirmed President upon independence in 1949. Increasingly dissatisfied with democracy, he introduced a system of Guided Democracy. With the consent of the army, he became Prime Minister in 1959, and subsequently sought to consolidate support for his authoritarian government through nationalism, e.g. the acquisition of West Irian and the Confrontation with Malaysia. He declared himself president for life in 1963. He was greatly weakened by his ambiguous role in the unsuccessful Communist putsch of 1965, which led the army to replace him with its leader, General Suharto.

Sukarno, Achmad (1901–70),Indonesian engineering graduate from Bandung Technical College who, during the 1930s, led the nationalist movement against the Dutch authorities ruling the Netherlands East Indies (NEI). He was imprisoned and exiled but returned to chair a committee of four (Empat Serangkai, or Four-Leaf Clover) which, under Japanese occupation, ran an association of most of the island's nationalist parties. He worked with the occupiers (see collaboration) to gain his country's independence, which was eventually promised in September 1944. On 7 August 1945 he became chairman of the Japanese-approved Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence whose members came from all over the NEI. However, an extremist group of young Indonesians—who believed independence had to be taken from, not granted by, the Japanese if the Allies were to support it—kidnapped Sukarno and his deputy at gun-point, and threatened to rise against the occupiers. But violence was averted and, with Japanese consent, Sukarno announced Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1945. He was then proclaimed first president of the Republic of Indonesia which was finally recognized by the Netherlands in 1949. See also anti-imperialism and Java.

Bibliography

Legge, J. , Sukarno. A Political Biography (London, 1972).

Sukarno, Achmad (1901–70) Indonesian statesman, first president of independent Indonesia (1947–67). Founder of the Indonesian Nationalist Party (1927), he led opposition to Dutch rule and was frequently imprisoned or exiled (1933–42). At the end of World War 2, he declared Indonesian independence and became president of the new republic. In the 1950s, his rule became increasingly dictatorial. In 1963, he dissolved parliament, declared himself president for life, and aligned himself with the communists. The failure of a communist coup against the leaders of the army in 1965 weakened Sukarno's position. He was forced out of power by the generals, led by Suharto, who eventually replaced him as president.

Sukarno, Achmad (1901–70) Indonesian statesman, President (1945–67). One of the founders of the Indonesian National Party (1927), he was Indonesian leader during the Japanese occupation (1942–45) and led the struggle for independence, which was granted by the Netherlands in 1949. From the mid-1950s his dictatorial tendencies aroused opposition. He was alleged to have taken part in the abortive Communist coup of 1965, after which he lost power to the army, being ousted two years later.

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