African Physical Geography

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Sudd

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa | 2004 | | Copyright

SUDD

Great swamps of the Upper Nile.

Sudd (in Arabic, sadd, or barrier) was the word used by European and Arab merchants to describe the largest swamps in the world, which are situated on the Upper Nile in Sudan. It had prevented passage up the Nile River until 1841, when Salim Qapudan, acting on the orders of Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, was the first person to pass through its labyrinthine channels. Although open to navigation, the Sudd continues to present a formidable barrier to the passage of water from the equatorial lakes to Sudan and Egypt. Its size expands and contracts depending on the amount of water from the lakes, and its slope, only a few inches per mile, spreads any additional water across the Nilotic plain. The average annual amount of water flowing into the Sudd in the twentieth century is 33 billion cubic meters, of which only half, some 16 billion cubic meters, leaves the Sudd for Sudan and Egypt. In 1976 the French Compagnie de Constructions Internationales (CCI) began the excavation of the Jonglei Canal to permit water from the Lake Plateau to bypass the swamps. The excavation of the 225-mile canal past the Sudd threatened to disrupt the seasonal movement of livestock and the migrations of great herds of African wildlife. When the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), led by John Garang de Mabior, revolted against the Sudan government in May 1983, his forces terminated the canal's construction at mile 166. It has never been resumed.

Bibliography

Collins, Robert. The Nile. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

Howell, Paul P.; Lock, M.; and Cobb, S. The Jonglei Canal: Impact and Opportunity. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

robert o. collins

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Collins, Robert O.. "Sudd." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Collins, Robert O.. "Sudd." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424602569.html

Collins, Robert O.. "Sudd." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424602569.html

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Sudd

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Sudd , swampy region, c.200 mi (320 km) long, and c.150 mi (240 km) wide, central South Sudan, E central Africa. It is fed by the Bahr el Jebel, the Bahr el Ghazal, and the Bahr el Arab, headwaters of the Nile. Thick aquatic vegetation (sudd) disperses the river water into numerous channels. About half the water is lost through evaporation and absorption before leaving the Sudd.

The vegetation hinders navigation and long barred attempts to trace the Nile to its source. An Egyptian expedition first succeeded in crossing the Sudd in 1840. It took much effort to clear (1899–1903) a channel for regular navigation, and constant maintenance is necessary to keep it open. Construction on a canal to circumvent the Sudd and drain swampland for agriculture began in 1978 but was suspended in 1983.

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"Sudd." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Sudd." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Sudd.html

"Sudd." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Sudd.html

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sudd

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | 1996 | | Copyright

sudd floating vegetation obstructing the White Nile. XIX. — Arab. sudd obstruction.

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T. F. HOAD. "sudd." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

T. F. HOAD. "sudd." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-sudd.html

T. F. HOAD. "sudd." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-sudd.html

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sudd

Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes | 2007 | Copyright

sudd •blood, bud, crud, cud, dud, flood, Judd, mud, rudd, scud, spud, stud, sudd, thud •redbud • lifeblood •stick-in-the-mud

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"sudd." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"sudd." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-sudd.html

"sudd." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-sudd.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Chester F. Sudds Jr. of Wheaton.(Obituaries)(Obituary) Newspaper article from: Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL); 5/1/2007
	SUDDS-4183166.(Business) Newspaper article from: Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL); 10/14/2009
	SUDDS-4214875.(Business) Newspaper article from: Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL); 5/28/2010