Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi , 1936-, Italian business executive and politician, premier (1994; 2001-6, 2008-) of Italy, b. Milan. His first fortune was made in real estate during the 1960s. In the early 1980s Berlusconi founded commercial television networks that wooed the public away from the more stolid fare offered on government-run channels, and he became a billionaire as head of a media empire embracing television, advertising, film, and publishing.

Entering politics as a strong advocate of a market-driven economy, he established the conservative Forza Italia party in 1994 and vaulted to prominence, largely through his excoriation of the corruption-tainted established parties and his ready access to publicity. In 1994 parliamentary elections, his three-party right-wing coalition captured a majority, and Berlusconi became premier. By the end of the year, however, his coalition collapsed and he resigned.

Subsequently accused of the very corruption he had vowed to expunge, Berlusconi, who alleged a left-wing plot against him, was convicted in 1997 and 1998 of financial crimes. The convictions were later overturned on appeal, but he also faced other bribery and other charges beginning in 1999. In 2001 he was again elected premier, heading a right-wing coalition and promising tax cuts, new jobs, increased pensions, public-works projects, and anticrime measures. In 2003, in an attempt to end Berlusconi's bribery trial, parliament passed a law making the premier (and other top Italian officials) immune from prosecution, but the constitutional court subsequently overturned the law. The following year he was acquitted of the bribery charges; the other charges were dismissed. After losses in local elections in 2005, he resigned and formed a new coalition government. His coalition narrowly lost in the 2006 parliamentary elections. Later in the year Berlusconi was tried on tax and accounting charges relating to his media companies, but some of charges were later dropped. He returned to power in Apr., 2008, when his renamed People of Freedom party and its coalition partners won control of the parliament.

Bibliography: See studies by P. Ginsburg (2004) and A Stille (2006).

Berlusconi, Silvio (1936– ) Italian prime minister (1994, 2001– ) and business tycoon. In the 1980s, Berlusconi built a media empire, launching three television stations and acquiring Italy's largest publishing house. In 1986 he bought the AC Milan football team. In 1994 he formed a political party, Forza Italia, and headed a coalition government. Berlusconi resigned amid charges of corruption and nationwide strikes. He lost the ensuing election to Romano Prodi, but regained power in 2001. In 2003, he appeared in court on corruption charges, but the trial was halted after Parliament granted him immunity from prosecution. In 2004, the Constitutional Court threw out the immunity law.